Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26214590›Full record

ArticleNature genetics2015

Exome sequencing identifies recurrent mutations in NF1 and RASopathy genes in sun-exposed melanomas.

Michael Krauthammer, Yong Kong, Antonella Bacchiocchi, Perry Evans, Natapol Pornputtapong, Cen Wu, Jamie P. McCusker, Shuangge Ma, Elaine Cheng, Robert Straub and 10 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature genetics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 211 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
211citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

211 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. COLUMBUS 5-Year Update: A Randomized, Open-Label, Phase III Trial of Encorafenib Plus Binimetinib Versus Vemurafenib or Encorafenib in Patients WithJournal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2022
    Trial
  2. Trial
  3. Trial
  4. Molecular pathology in the diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma.Pathologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Review
  13. Cutaneous melanoma.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2025
    Review
  14. Article
  15. [WHO classification of melanocytic tumours].Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025
    Review
  16. Review
  17. AnInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Melanoma genomics - will we go beyond BRAF in clinics?Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2024
    Review

151 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Michael KrauthammerProgram in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Yong KongMolecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2881-5274
Antonella BacchiocchiDepartment of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Perry EvansProgram in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Natapol PornputtapongDepartment of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3833-0537
Cen WuSchool of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Jamie P. McCuskerDepartment of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Shuangge MaSchool of Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Elaine ChengDepartment of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Robert StraubDepartment of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Merdan SerinDepartment of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Marcus BosenbergDepartment of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Stephan AriyanDepartment of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Deepak NarayanDepartment of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Mario SznolComprehensive Cancer Center Section of Medical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Harriet M KlugerComprehensive Cancer Center Section of Medical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Shrikant ManeYale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Joseph SchlessingerDepartment of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Richard P LiftonDepartment of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Ruth HalabanDepartment of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Funding

Yale SPORE in Skin CancerP50CA121974 · NCI · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI RUTH HALABAN · 2006 to 2026
$43.9M
Howard Hughes Medical InstituteNCI NIH HHS 1 P50 CA121974NCI NIH HHS P50 CA121974
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We report on whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 213 melanomas. Our analysis established NF1, encoding a negative regulator of RAS, as the third most frequently mutated gene in melanoma, after BRAF and NRAS. Inactivating NF1 mutations were present in 46% of melanomas expressing wild-type BRAF and RAS, occurred in older patients and showed a distinct pattern of co-mutation with other RASopathy genes, particularly RASA2. Functional studies showed that NF1 suppression led to increased RAS activation in most, but not all, melanoma cases. In addition, loss of NF1 did not predict sensitivity to MEK or ERK inhibitors. The rebound pathway, as seen by the induction of phosphorylated MEK, occurred in cells both sensitive and resistant to the studied drugs. We conclude that NF1 is a key tumor suppressor lost in melanomas, and that concurrent RASopathy gene mutations may enhance its role in melanomagenesis.

Indexed as

ExomeAntineoplastic AgentsBenzimidazolesDNA Mutational AnalysisDrug Resistance, NeoplasmGenetic Association StudiesGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansInhibitory Concentration 50Kaplan-Meier EstimateLoss of HeterozygosityMaleMelanomaMutation, MissenseNeurofibromin 1ras ProteinsAntineoplastic AgentsAZD 6244BenzimidazolesNeurofibromin 1ras Proteins

Identifiers

PMID26214590
PMCPMC4916843

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.