ArticleJournal of neurotrauma2016
Repetitive Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the Developing Brain: Effects on Long-Term Functional Outcome and Neuropathology.
Article in Journal of neurotrauma, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Temporal patterns of microglial activation in white matter following experimental mild traumatic brain injury: a systematic literature review.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2021Pooled it
- Impact frequency and interval modulate brain network outcomes in a rat model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sex differences in plasma endocannabinoids and related lipids before and after single and repeated mTBI: an exploratory study of endolipid plasma biomarkers.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Plasma Levels of Endocannabinoids and Related Lipids Before and After acute and repeated mTBI: an exploratory study for plasma biomarkers for mTBI.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Advances and challenges in experimental models of posttraumatic epilepsy for therapeutic interventions.Pharmacological reviews · 2025Review
- Impact of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury on Sleep Patterns in Younger Individuals: A Systematic Review.Neurotrauma reports · 2025Review
- Developmental functions of microglia: Impact of psychosocial and physiological early life stress.Neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of somatosensory cortex activity, plasticity and related behaviors following an early in life concussion.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Reactive gliosis in traumatic brain injury: a comprehensive review.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2024Review
- Chronic Stress in Early Development and Effects on Traumatic Brain Injury Outcome.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Models, Therapeutics, and Outcomes.Advances in neurobiology · 2024Review
- Neural correlates of cognitive control deficits in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury.Human brain mapping · 2023Article
- Repeated mild closed head injury in neonatal rats results in sustained cognitive deficits associated with chronic microglial activation and neurodegeneration.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2023Article
- Immunocal® limits gliosis in mouse models of repetitive mild-moderate traumatic brain injury.Brain research · 2023Article
- Repetitive mild traumatic brain injury alters central and peripheral clock gene expression in the adolescent rat.Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms · 2023Article
- Evolving brain and behaviour changes in rats following repetitive subconcussive head impacts.Brain communications · 2023Article
- Recombinant human erythropoietin induces neuroprotection, activates MAPK/CREB pathway, and rescues fear memory after traumatic brain injury with delayed hypoxemia in mice.Brain research · 2022Article
- Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Preterm Children with Sickle Cell Disease.Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS · 2022Article
- Chronic unpredictable stress during adolescence protects against adult traumatic brain injury-induced affective and cognitive deficits.Brain research · 2021Article
- Reorganization of Thalamic Inputs to Lesioned Cortex Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Although accumulating evidence suggests that repetitive mild TBI (rmTBI) may cause long-term cognitive dysfunction in adults, whether rmTBI causes similar deficits in the immature brain is unknown. Here we used an experimental model of rmTBI in the immature brain to answer this question. Post-natal day (PND) 18 rats were subjected to either one, two, or three mild TBIs (mTBI) or an equivalent number of sham insults 24 h apart. After one or two mTBIs or sham insults, histology was evaluated at 7 days. After three mTBIs or sham insults, motor (d1-5), cognitive (d11-92), and histological (d21-92) outcome was evaluated. At 7 days, silver degeneration staining revealed axonal argyrophilia in the external capsule and corpus callosum after a single mTBI, with a second impact increasing axonal injury. Iba-1 immunohistochemistry showed amoeboid shaped microglia within the amygdalae bilaterally after mTBI. After three mTBI, there were no differences in beam balance, Morris water maze, and elevated plus maze performance versus sham. The rmTBI rats, however, showed impairment in novel object recognition and fear conditioning. Axonal silver staining was observed only in the external capsule on d21. Iba-1 staining did not reveal activated microglia on d21 or d92. In conclusion, mTBI results in traumatic axonal injury and microglial activation in the immature brain with repeated impact exacerbating axonal injury. The rmTBI in the immature brain leads to long-term associative learning deficit in adulthood. Defining the mechanisms damage from rmTBI in the developing brain could be vital for identification of therapies for children.
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