SynthesisNeurosurgical review2016
Extraneural metastases in glioblastoma patients: two cases with YKL-40-positive glioblastomas and a meta-analysis of the literature.
Synthesis in Neurosurgical review, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multidisciplinary treatment is necessary in glioblastoma with extracerebral metastases.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2025Pooled it
- Extra-Neural Metastases From Primary Intracranial Ependymomas: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Pooled it
- Targeting of YKL-40 as a Protumor in Personalized Medicine: A New Dimension in Disease Understanding.Current gene therapy · 2026Review
- Diffusely metastatic glioblastoma with FGFR3::TACC3 fusion: cell-free DNA fragmentation analyses and molecular characterization of matched primary and metastatic tumor sites.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Spinal cord metastasis in a long-term survivor of primary malignant glioblastoma: A case report.Oncology letters · 2025Article
- Late spinal metastasis of glioblastoma multiforme after maximal tumor resection: A case report.Surgical neurology international · 2025Article
- Spinal and cervical nodal metastases in a patient with glioblastoma.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2024Article
- A case report of Extra-neurologic metastasis of ventricular meningioma with literature review.Radiology case reports · 2024Article
- Metastatic glioblastoma to the lungs: a case report and literature review.CNS oncology · 2024Review
- Harnessing imaging biomarkers for glioblastoma metastasis diagnosis: a correspondence.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2024Article
- Article
- Breaking boundaries: A rare case of glioblastoma with uncommon extraneural metastases: A case report and literature review.Brain & spine · 2024Article
- Extracranial metastasis of brain glioblastoma outside CNS: Pathogenesis revisited.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2023Review
- Factors Associated With Neurocognitive Impairment Following Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With High-Grade Glioma: Results of a Prospective Trial.Brain tumor research and treatment · 2023Article
- Systemic Metastasis of Pediatric Diffuse High-grade Astrocytoma: A Case Report.NMC case report journal · 2023Article
- Rapid progression of subcutaneous glioblastoma: A case report and literature review.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Nonhematogenic circulating aneuploid cells confer inferior prognosis and therapeutic resistance in gliomas.Cancer science · 2022Article
- Article
- Non-coding RNAs and glioblastoma: Insight into their roles in metastasis.Molecular therapy oncolytics · 2022Review
- Case report: The effective response to pembrolizumab in combination with bevacizumab in the treatment of a recurrent glioblastoma with multiple extracranial metastases.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedErratum to: Extraneural metastases in glioblastoma patients: two cases with YKL-40-positive glioblastomas and a meta-analysis of the literature.2015 · Elena, Anghileri [corrected to Anghileri, Elena]; Melina, Castiglione [corrected to Castiglione, Melina]; Raffaele, Nunziata [corrected to Nunziata, Raffaele]; Carlo, Boffano [corrected to Boffano, Carlo]; Vittoria, Nazzi [corrected to Nazzi, Vittoria]; Fr
Authors and funding
16 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) are high-grade gliomas that severely impact on overall survival (OS). GBM cell motility and the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier could favor GBM cell communication with the systemic circulation. In spite of this, extracranial GBM metastases are rare. Here, we describe two YKL-40-positive GBM patients with extra-CNS (central nervous system) metastases, and we present a meta-analysis of 94 cases. The analysis concluded that extra-CNS metastases occurred 8.5 months after first GBM diagnosis and OS was 12 months; surgical GBM excision was associated at a longer interval to extra-CNS metastasis than biopsy only, and even longer if followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Both our case reports were adult males who developed extra-CNS, YKL-40-positive metastases at lymph nodes, lung and subcutaneous sites, after 86 and 24 months from initial diagnosis of GBM. At first GBM local recurrence, they were treated with bevacizumab (BV), an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody. They died after 4 and 1 month from the occurrence of metastases. Both cases expressed YKL-40 and lacked EGFR amplification, suggesting a mesenchymal phenotype, and maintained such profile at extra-CNS recurrence; they did not show MGMT promoter methylation, IDH1/2 mutations, or c-Met upregulation. Our two cases and the meta-analysis support the idea that prolonged survival of GBM patients increases the probability of GBM cells shedding to lymphatic and hematic system. Interestingly, the present two cases showed the features of mesenchymal profile, usually related with worst prognosis that was maintained in extracranial metastases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.