ArticleThe American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry2015
Cognitive Effects of Hormone Therapy Continuation or Discontinuation in a Sample of Women at Risk for Alzheimer Disease.
Article in The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Is Hormone Replacement Therapy a Risk Factor or a Therapeutic Option for Alzheimer's Disease?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Estrogen sulfotransferase in the metabolism of estrogenic drugs and in the pathogenesis of diseases.Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology · 2019Pooled it
- Sex differences in the impact of genetic and clinical risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in midlife.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Cognitive functioning in older transgender individuals receiving long-term gender-affirming hormone therapy.International journal of transgender health · 2025Article
- Leukocyte telomere length and memory circuitry and cognition in early aging: Impact of sex and menopausal status.Hormones and behavior · 2024Article
- The effects of peripheral hormone responses to exercise on adult hippocampal neurogenesis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Review
- Use of menopausal hormone therapy and risk of dementia: nested case-control studies using QResearch and CPRD databases.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2021Article
- Impact of BDNF and sex on maintaining intact memory function in early midlife.Neurobiology of aging · 2020Article
- SeXX Matters in Multiple Sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2020Review
- Impact of adrenal hormones, reproductive aging, and major depression on memory circuitry decline in early midlife.Brain research · 2019Article
- A heartfelt message, estrogen replacement therapy: use it or lose it.American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology · 2018Review
- Sex Differences in Neuropathology and Cognitive Behavior in APP/PS1/tau Triple-Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.Neuroscience bulletin · 2018Article
- Sleep and Brain Function at Menopause.Journal of mid-life healthArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveUse of estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) as a protection from cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease (AD) is controversial, although cumulative data support HT use when initiated close to menopause onset with estrogen formulations containing 17β-estradiol preferable to conjugated equine estrogen formulations. Little is known regarding specific populations of women who may derive benefit from HT.
methodsWomen with heightened risk for AD (aged 49-69), all of whom were taking HT for at least 1 year and most of whom initiated HT close to menopause onset, underwent cognitive assessment followed by randomization to continue or discontinue HT. Assessments were repeated at 2 years after randomization.
resultsWomen who continued HT performed better on cognitive domains composed of measures of verbal memory and combined attention, working memory, and processing speed measures. Women who used 17β-estradiol versus conjugated equine estrogen, whether randomized to continue or discontinue HT, showed better verbal memory performance at the 2-year follow-up assessment. An interaction was also found with HT randomization and family history of AD in a first-degree relative. All female offspring of patients with AD declined in verbal memory; however, women who continued HT declined less than women who discontinued HT. Women without a first-degree relative with AD showed verbal memory improvement (likely because of practice effects) with continuance and declined with discontinuance of HT.
conclusionContinuation of HT use appears to protect cognition in women with heightened risk for AD when initiated close to menopause onset.
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Registered trials
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