ArticlePloS one2015
Long-Term Trends in Esophageal Candidiasis Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors with or without HIV Infection: Lessons from an Endoscopic Study of 80,219 Patients.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for oral and esophageal candidiasis during budesonide treatment in eosinophilic esophagitis patients.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Complement C9 deficiency as a novel risk factor for invasive Candida esophagitis in children: a single case in-depth analysis.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Candida Esophagitis in Patients with Solid Organ Cancers.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Prevalence and Risk Factors for Oropharyngeal, Esophageal, and Oral Candidiasis in HIV-Positive Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Interdisciplinary perspectives on infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Fungal Infection in HIV-Infected Patients-Is It Still a Challenge?Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Estimated burden of serious mycoses in Poland.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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- Esophageal Candidiasis-Associated Hospitalizations: Declining Rates and Changes in Underlying Conditions, United States, 2010-2020.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Diabetes in a hospital cohort of persons living with HIV: a descriptive and comparative study in French Guiana.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Prevalence and clinical risk factors for esophageal candidiasis in non-human immunodeficiency virus patients: A multicenter retrospective case-control study.World journal of gastrointestinal endoscopy · 2023Article
- Prevalence and risk factors forWorld journal of clinical cases · 2022Article
- A six-year hospital-based surveillance study on burden of esophageal candidiasis in Gangtok, Sikkim.Iranian journal of microbiology · 2022Article
- Role of Fungal Infections in Carcinogenesis and Cancer Development: A Literature Review.Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin · 2022Review
- Article
- Epidemiology, prevalence, and associated factors of oral candidiasis in HIV patients from southwest Iran in post-highly active antiretroviral therapy era.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Predictors for oesophageal candidiasis in patients with liver cirrhosis.Le infezioni in medicina · 2022Article
- Risk factors for the development of esophageal candidiasis among patients in community hospital.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy Esophageal Candidiasis an Exceptional Complication of Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: First Case Report.Obesity surgery · 2021Article
- Genotyping, antifungal susceptibility, enzymatic activity, and phenotypic variation in Candida albicans from esophageal candidiasis.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
23 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe prevalence of candida esophagitis (CE) might be changing in an era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among HIV-infected patients or today's rapidly aging society among non-HIV-infected patients. However, few studies have investigated long-term CE trends, and CE risk factors have not been studied in a large sample, case-control study. This study aimed to determine long-term trends in CE prevalence and associated risk factors for patients with or without HIV infection.
methodsTrends in CE prevalence were explored in a cohort of 80,219 patients who underwent endoscopy between 2002 and 2014. Risks for CE were examined among a subcohort of 6,011 patients. In risk analysis, we assessed lifestyles, infections, co-morbidities, immunosuppressants, and proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). All patients were tested for HIV, hepatitis B or C virus, and syphilis infection. For HIV-infected patients, sexual behavior, CD4 cell count, history of HAART were also assessed.
resultsCE prevalence was 1.7% (1,375/80,219) in all patients, 9.8% (156/1,595) in HIV-infected patients, and 1.6% (1,219/78,624) in non-HIV-infected patients. CE prevalence from 2002-2003 to 2012-2014 tended to increase in non-HIV-infected patients (0.6% to 2.5%; P<0.01) and decrease in HIV-infected patients (13.6% to 9.0%; P=0.097). Multivariate analysis revealed increasing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.02; p=0.007), HIV infection (OR, 4.92; p<0.001), and corticosteroid use (OR, 5.90; p<0.001) were significantly associated with CE, and smoking (OR, 1.32; p=0.085) and acetaminophen use (OR, 1.70; p=0.097) were marginally associated. No significant association was found with alcohol consumption, hepatitis B or C virus, syphilis, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, anticancer, or PPIs use. In HIV-infected patients, CD4 cell count <100/μL (OR, 4.83; p<0.001) and prior HAART (OR, 0.35; p=0.006) were independently associated with CE, but sexual behavior was not. Among corticosteroid users, CE was significantly associated with higher prednisone-equivalent dose (p=0.043 for trend test).
conclusionsThis large, endoscopy-based study demonstrated that CE prevalence increased in non-HIV-infected patients but decreased in HIV-infected patients over 13 years. Risk analysis revealed that increasing age, HIV infection, and corticosteroids use, particularly at higher doses, were independently associated with CE, but alcohol, other infections, diabetes, anticancer drugs, and PPIs use were not.
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