ArticleThe AAPS journal2015
De-agglomeration Effect of the US Pharmacopeia and Alberta Throats on Carrier-Based Powders in Commercial Inhalation Products.
Article in The AAPS journal, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dental caries risk in patients with chronic airway diseases using dry powder inhalers: a retrospective cohort study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Freeze-Drying in Sucrose Followed by Cryomilling Enables the Formulation of sa-mRNA-LNP Powders for Inhalation.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Prediction of site-specific drug deposition via dry powder inhaler using non-invasive real-time particle emission signal monitoring system.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Engineered ACE2 decoy in dry powder form for inhalation: A novel therapy for SARS-CoV-2 variants.Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development · 2025Article
- In Vitro Comparison of Two Blister-Type Inhalers.Respiratory care · 2023Article
- In Vitro and In Silico Investigations on Drug Delivery in the Mouth-Throat Models with Handihaler®.Pharmaceutical research · 2022Article
- Dry Powder Inhalers for Proteins Using Cryo-Milled Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofiber Mats.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Targeting of Inhaled Therapeutics to the Small Airways: Nanoleucine Carrier Formulations.Pharmaceutics · 2021Article
- Repurposing drug molecules for new pulmonary therapeutic interventions.Drug delivery and translational research · 2021Review
- Novel approach for real-time monitoring of carrier-based DPIs delivery processActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The US pharmacopeia (USP) and Alberta throats were recently reported to cause further de-agglomeration of carrier-free powders emitted from some dry powder inhalers (DPIs). This study assessed if they have similar influences on commercially available carrier-based DPIs. A straight tube, a USP throat, and an Alberta throat (non-coated and coated) were used for cascade impaction testing. Aerosol fine particle fraction (FPF ≤ 5 μm) was computed to evaluate throat-induced de-agglomeration. Computational fluid dynamics are employed to simulate airflow patterns and particle trajectories inside the USP and Alberta throats. For all tested products, no significant differences in the in vitro aerosol performance were observed between the USP throat and the straight tube. Using fine lactose carriers (<10 μm), Symbicort(®) and Oxis(™) showed minimal impaction inside the Alberta throat and resulted in similar FPF among all induction ports. For products using coarse lactose carriers (>10 μm), impaction frequency and energy inside the Alberta throat were significant. Further de-agglomeration was noted inside the non-coated Alberta throat for Seretide(®) and Spiriva(®), but agglomerates emitted from Relenza(®), Ventolin(®), and Foradil(®) did not further break up into smaller fractions. The coated Alberta throat considerably reduced the FPF values of these products due to the high throat retention, but they generally agreed better with the in vivo data. In conclusion, depending on the powder formulation (including carrier particle size), the inhaler, and the induction port, further de-agglomeration could happen ex-inhaler and create differences in the in vitro measurements.
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