ArticlePloS one2015
Multidimensional Measurement of Household Water Poverty in a Mumbai Slum: Looking Beyond Water Quality.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Drinking water and the implications for gender equity and empowerment: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2023Pooled it
- Diverse Health, Gender and Economic Impacts from Domestic Transport of Water and Solid Fuel: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Water Insecurity in the Jordan Valley: Community Perspectives on Its Impacts on Maternal and Child Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- How water intermittency and water perceptions influence household coping strategies in northwestern Ecuador.PLOS water · 2025Article
- Divided infrastructure: legal exclusion and water inequality in an urban slum in Mumbai, India.Environment and urbanization · 2023Article
- Spatializing stigma-power: Mental health impacts of spatial stigma in a legally-excluded settlement in Mumbai, India.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- COVID-19, adversities and depression among older adolescents in urban slums of India.Asian journal of psychiatry · 2022Article
- Water Security in the Galápagos: Socioecological Determinants and Health Implications.EcoHealth · 2020Article
- Measuring Human Water Needs.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2020Article
- Household water insecurity is strongly associated with food insecurity: Evidence from 27 sites in low- and middle-income countries.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2020Article
- Perceived water insecurity among adults from urban and peri-urban Haiti: A qualitative study.PloS one · 2019Article
- Analytical scaling relations to evaluate leakage and intrusion in intermittent water supply systems.PloS one · 2018Article
- Is water carriage associated with the water carrier's health? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence.BMJ global health · 2018Article
- Advancing methods for research on household water insecurity: Studying entitlements and capabilities, socio-cultural dynamics, and political processes, institutions and governance.Water security · 2017Article
- The right to water in the slums of Mumbai, India.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2015Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveA focus on bacterial contamination has limited many studies of water service delivery in slums, with diarrheal illness being the presumed outcome of interest. We conducted a mixed methods study in a slum of 12,000 people in Mumbai, India to measure deficiencies in a broader array of water service delivery indicators and their adverse life impacts on the slum's residents.
methodsSix focus group discussions and 40 individual qualitative interviews were conducted using purposeful sampling. Quantitative data on water indicators-quantity, access, price, reliability, and equity-were collected via a structured survey of 521 households selected using population-based random sampling.
resultsIn addition to negatively affecting health, the qualitative findings reveal that water service delivery failures have a constellation of other adverse life impacts-on household economy, employment, education, quality of life, social cohesion, and people's sense of political inclusion. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, price of water is the factor most strongly associated with use of inadequate water quantity (≤20 liters per capita per day). Water service delivery failures and their adverse impacts vary based on whether households fetch water or have informal water vendors deliver it to their homes.
conclusionsDeficiencies in water service delivery are associated with many non-health-related adverse impacts on slum households. Failure to evaluate non-health outcomes may underestimate the deprivation resulting from inadequate water service delivery. Based on these findings, we outline a multidimensional definition of household "water poverty" that encourages policymakers and researchers to look beyond evaluation of water quality and health. Use of multidimensional water metrics by governments, slum communities, and researchers may help to ensure that water supplies are designed to advance a broad array of health, economic, and social outcomes for the urban poor.
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