ArticleThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene2015
"Improved" But Not Necessarily Safe: An Assessment of Fecal Contamination of Household Drinking Water in Rural Peru.
Article in The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Fecal Indicator Bacteria Data to Characterize Drinking Water Quality in Low-Resource Settings: Summary of Current Practices and Recommendations for Improving Validity.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Estimating Typhoid Fever Risk Associated with Lack of Access to Safe Water: A Systematic Literature Review.Journal of environmental and public health · 2018Pooled it
- The challenge of improving boiling: lessons learned from a randomized controlled trial of water pasteurization and safe storage in Peru.Epidemiology and infection · 2016Trial
- Elevated Levels of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Biomarkers Among Rural Indonesian Infants: Associations with Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Linear Growth.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2026Article
- Predictors of household drinking water E. coli contamination: Population-based results from rural areas of Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zambia.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
- Detection of Antibiotic-Resistance Genes in Drinking Water: A Study at a University in the Peruvian Amazon.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Detecting Enteric Pathogens in Low-Risk Drinking Water in Dhaka, Bangladesh: An Assessment of the WHO Water Safety Categories.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2023Article
- Household-level risk factors for water contamination and antimicrobial resistance in drinking water among households with children under 5 in rural San Marcos, Cajamarca, Peru.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2023Article
- Escherichia coli Contamination of Water for Human Consumption and Its Associated Factors in Peru: A Cross-Sectional Study.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Determinants, inequalities, and spatial patterns of diarrhea in the Peruvian under-five population: findings from nationally representative survey data.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Quality Control of Drinking Water in the City of Ilave, Region of Puno, Peru.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Service Ladders and Childhood Diarrhea in Haramaya Demographic and Health Surveillance Site, Eastern Ethiopia.Environmental health insights · 2022Article
- Seasonality of drinking water sources and the impact of drinking water source on enteric infections among children in Limpopo, South Africa.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2021Article
- Application of a Faecalibacterium 16S rDNA genetic marker for species identification of dog fecal waste.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
- Review of Methods Suitable for Environmental Surveillance of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Review
- Assessment of the Feasibility and Acceptability of Using Water Pasteurization Indicators to Increase Access to Safe Drinking Water in the Peruvian Amazon.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water Was Associated with Diarrheal Pathogen Carriage among Children Younger than 5 Years in Three Peruvian Rural Communities.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Article
- Risk Factors for Undernutrition and Diarrhea Prevalence in an Urban Slum in Indonesia: Focus on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The indicator used to measure progress toward the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) for water is access to an improved water supply. However, improved supplies are frequently fecally contaminated in developing countries. We examined factors associated with Escherichia coli contamination of improved water supplies in rural Pisco province, Peru. A random sample of 207 households with at least one child less than 5 years old was surveyed, and water samples from the source and storage container were tested for E. coli contamination. Although over 90% of households used an improved water source, 47% of source and 43% of stored water samples were contaminated with E. coli. Pouring or using a spigot to obtain water from the storage container instead of dipping a hand or object was associated with decreased risk of contamination of stored water (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.42, 0.80). Container cleanliness (aPR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.45, 1.00) and correct handwashing technique (aPR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.42, 0.90) were also associated with decreased contamination risk. These findings highlighted the limitations of improved water supplies as an indicator of safe water access. To ensure water safety in the home, household water treatment and improved hygiene, water handling, and storage practices should be promoted.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.