ReviewCellular & molecular immunology2016
The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy.
Review in Cellular & molecular immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 445 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
445 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 728 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care C-reactive protein devices for acute respiratory tract infections.Infection · 2026Pooled it
- Therapeutic Effects of Alkaloids on Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Rapamycin not dietary restriction improves resilience against pathogens: a meta-analysis.GeroScience · 2023Pooled it
- High-density lipoproteins may play a crucial role in COVID-19.Virology journal · 2022Pooled it
- A safety evaluation of intermittent high-dose inhaled nitric oxide in viral pneumonia due to COVID-19: a randomised clinical study.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- The Effect of Weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin DNutrients · 2023Trial
- Development and validation of a cytokine-associated nomogram for predicting severe influenza A virus infection in children.Virus genes · 2026Article
- The cell with many faces: lung macrophage plasticity and function in response to environmental and pathogenic insults.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Machine Learning and Experimental Verification Identify Anti-Influenza Natural Products.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Yam Protects Immunocompromised Mice from Influenza Infection via the Gut-SCFA-GPCR-Immune Axis.Nutrients · 2026Article
- An immune-competent lung-on-a-chip for modelling the human severe influenza infection response.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Genetic Anatomy and Ontogenetic Roles of Early Growth Response 1 (Egr1) in Human and Mouse.Development & reproduction · 2026Review
- Generation of an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Alveolar Type II In Vitro Model to Study Influenza A Virus Infection and Drug Treatments.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Early Fc-effector antibody signatures impact COVID-19 disease trajectory.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Materials and System Design for Self-Decision Bioelectronic Systems.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Review
- Cathepsin S contributes to influenza-induced lung injury by driving inflammation, promoting apoptosis, and disrupting epithelial barrier integrity.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Hyperinflammation and immunomodulation in influenza, SARS-CoV-2 and syncytial respiratory virus infection in adults: from innate immune responses and biomarkers to clinical and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- The Role of Immunosenescence and Inflammaging in the Susceptibility of Older Adults to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2026Review
- Clinical Characteristics and Cytokines of Children With Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Caused by Influenza A After COVID-19.The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale · 2026Article
385 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Severe influenza remains unusual in its virulence for humans. Complications or ultimately death arising from these infections are often associated with hyperinduction of proinflammatory cytokine production, which is also known as 'cytokine storm'. For this disease, it has been proposed that immunomodulatory therapy may improve the outcome, with or without the combination of antiviral agents. Here, we review the current literature on how various effectors of the immune system initiate the cytokine storm and exacerbate pathological damage in hosts. We also review some of the current immunomodulatory strategies for the treatment of cytokine storms in severe influenza, including corticosteroids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 agonists, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, antioxidants, anti-tumour-necrosis factor therapy, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, statins, arbidol, herbs, and other potential therapeutic strategies.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.