ArticlePM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation2016
Are Elite Female Soccer Athletes at Risk for Disordered Eating Attitudes, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Stress Fractures?
Article in PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Menstrual Cycle Characteristics and Injury History in Adult Amateur Female Football Players: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Selected LEAF-Q Items.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- 2025 Update to the Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement Part 1: State of the Science and Introduction of a New Adolescent Model.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- A scoping review of identifying research on menstruation and menstrual cycle among female athletes of low and low-and-middle-income countries.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The Natural History of Bone Stress Injuries in Athletes: From Inception to Resolution.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Review
- Factors predicting disordered eating and the prevalence of eating disorders in adolescent elite athletes, trained athletes and a reference group: a prospective controlled two-step study.British journal of sports medicine · 2025Observational
- Examination of the Clinical Utility of Eating Disorder and Disordered Eating Screening Tools in Young Athletes: A Scoping Review.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2025Article
- Nutritional perspectives in female soccer: a scoping review.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Article
- The Association Between Menstrual Cycle Phase, Menstrual Irregularities, Contraceptive Use and Musculoskeletal Injury Among Female Athletes: A Scoping Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Article
- Menstrual Dysfunction in Adolescent Female Athletes.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Eating Disorders Risk Assessment and Body Esteem among Amateur and Professional Football Players.Nutrients · 2024Article
- A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the prevalence of self-reported disordered eating and associated factors among athletes worldwide.Journal of eating disorders · 2024Article
- Role of the Menstrual Cycle on Performance and Injury Risk: A Survey of Female Professional Rugby Players in the United Kingdom.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- The Women's Soccer Health Study: From Head to Toe.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2023Article
- Exploring the Relationship between Micronutrients and Athletic Performance: A Comprehensive Scientific Systematic Review of the Literature in Sports Medicine.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Disordered eating in elite youth athletes: A scoping review of studies published since 2000.JSAMS plus · 2023Review
- The Prevalence of Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Female Athletes from Different Sports Disciplines: A Rapid Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Review
- Eating disorder risks and awareness among female elite cyclists: an anonymous survey.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2022Article
- Investigation of Eating Disorder Risk and Body Image Dissatisfaction among Female Competitive Cheerleaders.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Prevalence of Risk Factors of the Female Athlete Triad among Young Elite Athletes of Pakistan.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2022Article
- Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine the prevalence of stress fractures, menstrual dysfunction and disordered eating attitudes in elite female soccer athletes.
designCross-sectional descriptive study.
settingFemale soccer athletes were recruited from a national level youth soccer club, an NCAA Division I university team, and a women's professional team.
participantsTwo hundred twenty female soccer athletes with a mean age of 16.4 ± 4 years and BMI of 20.8 ± 2 kg/m(2) completed the study, representing all athletes from the included teams.
methodsOne-time surveys completed by the athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Height and weight were recorded, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each athlete. Athletes reported age of menarche, history of missing 3 or more menses within a 12-month period and stress fracture. The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was used to assess the athlete's body perception and attitudes toward eating.
resultsOf the 220 soccer athletes, 3 athletes (1.6%) had a low BMI for their age, and 19 (8.6%) reported stress fractures of the lower extremity. Among athletes who had reached menarche, the average onset was 13 + 1 year; menstrual dysfunction were present in 21 (19.3%). On the EAT-26, 1 player scored in the high risk range (>20) and 17 (7.7%) scored in the intermediate risk range (10-19) for eating disorders. Athletes with an EAT-26 score ≥ 10 points had a significantly higher prevalence of menstrual dysfunction in the past year compared to athletes with an EAT-26 score of less than 10 (P = .02).
conclusionsElite female soccer athletes are susceptible to stress fractures and menstrual dysfunction and have delayed onset of menarche despite normal BMI and appropriate body perception and attitudes towards eating. Further studies are needed to better understand stress fracture risk in female soccer athletes and in other team sports to determine how these findings relate to long-term bone health in this population.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.