ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2015
Dissecting the indirect effects caused by vaccines into the basic elements.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Vaccination herd effect experience in Latin America: a systematic literature review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2019Pooled it
- Trial
- Indirect Effects in Health Economic Models of Vaccines: Should We Include Them, and How Do We Model Them?Applied health economics and health policy · 2026Review
- From Jenner to genomics: the unfolding future of vaccinology.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Impact of varicella vaccination on the epidemiology of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: a narrative review.Journal of Yeungnam medical science · 2026Article
- Strong Herd Effects of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- The Impact of Vaccination on COVID-19, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Related Outcomes: A Narrative Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Review
- Evaluating effective measles vaccine coverage in the Malaysian population accounting for between-dose correlation and vaccine efficacy.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Estimating the impact of implementation and timing of the COVID-19 vaccination programme in Brazil: a counterfactual analysis.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2023Article
- Anaphylaxis and allergic reactions to COVID-19 vaccines: A narrative review of characteristics and potential obstacles on achieving herd immunity.Health science reports · 2022Article
- Allergo Journal : interdisziplinare Zeitschrift fur Allergologie und Umweltmedizin : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allergie- und Immunitatsforschung · 2021Review
- Consensus Statements on the Approach to COVID-19 Vaccine Allergy Safety in Hong Kong.Frontiers in allergy · 2021Article
- Vaccines for COVID-19.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2020Review
- A Web Application About Herd Immunity Using Personalized Avatars: Development Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2020Article
- Article
- Vaccine confidence: the keys to restoring trust.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2020Article
- Who's Not Protected in the Herd? Factors Associated with Vaccine-Type HPV in Unvaccinated Women.Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology · 2018Article
- Vaccine-associated hypersensitivity.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2018Review
- Geographic variation in pneumococcal vaccine efficacy estimated from dynamic modeling of epidemiological data post-PCV7.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- 2. How is the economic assessment of vaccines performed today?Journal of market access & health policy · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination directly protects vaccinated individuals, but it also has the potential for indirectly protecting the unvaccinated in a population (herd protection). Unintended negative consequences such as the re-manifestation of infection, mainly expressed as age shifts, result from vaccination programs as well. We discuss the necessary conditions for achieving optimal herd protection (i.e., high quality vaccine-induced immunity, substantial effect on the force of infection, and appropriate vaccine coverage and distribution), as well as the conditions under which age shifts are likely to occur. We show examples to illustrate these effects. Substantial ambiguity in observing and quantifying these indirect vaccine effects makes accurate evaluation troublesome even though the nature of these outcomes may be critical for accurate assessment of the economic value when decision makers are evaluating a novel vaccine for introduction into a particular region or population group. More investigation is needed to identify and develop successful assessment methodologies for precisely analyzing these outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.