ReviewBiology2015
Sensors of Infection: Viral Nucleic Acid PRRs in Fish.
Review in Biology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparative Genomics-Guided Epitope Prioritization and in Silico Design of a Multi-Epitope DNA Vaccine Candidate Against Megalocytivirus pagrus 1.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Absence of Toll-like Receptor 21 (Biology · 2026Article
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Role of Gut Microbiota in Fish Viral Infection: Mechanisms and Microbiota-Targeted Interventions.Aquaculture nutrition · 2026Review
- Using cationic liposomes as carriers for long dsRNA to trigger an antiviral response in rainbow trout cell lines.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2025Article
- Establishment of an In Vitro Model to Study Viral Infections of the Fish Intestinal Epithelium.Cells · 2023Article
- Susceptibility and Permissivity of Zebrafish (Viruses · 2023Article
- The C-Terminal Domain of Salmonid Alphavirus Nonstructural Protein 2 (nsP2) Is Essential and Sufficient To Block RIG-I Pathway Induction and Interferon-Mediated Antiviral Response.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Review
- Enhancing innate antiviral immune responses in rainbow trout by double stranded RNA delivered with cationic phytoglycogen nanoparticles.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Comparative Structure and Function Analysis of the RIG-I-Like Receptors: RIG-I and MDA5.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- Profiling Atlantic salmon B cell populations: CpG-mediated TLR-ligation enhances IgM secretion and modulates immune gene expression.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Transcriptome profiling of antiviral immune and dietary fatty acid dependent responses of Atlantic salmon macrophage-like cells.BMC genomics · 2017Article
- NV Proteins of Fish Novirhabdovirus Recruit Cellular PPM1Bb Protein Phosphatase and Antagonize RIG-I-Mediated IFN Induction.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Pattern recognition receptors in zebrafish provide functional and evolutionary insight into innate immune signaling pathways.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Viruses produce nucleic acids during their replication, either during genomic replication or transcription. These nucleic acids are present in the cytoplasm or endosome of an infected cell, or in the extracellular space to be sensed by neighboring cells during lytic infections. Cells have mechanisms of sensing virus-generated nucleic acids; these nucleic acids act as flags to the cell, indicating an infection requiring defense mechanisms. The viral nucleic acids are called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the sensors that bind them are called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This review article focuses on the most recent findings regarding nucleic acids PRRs in fish, including: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), cytoplasmic DNA sensors (CDSs) and class A scavenger receptors (SR-As). It also discusses what is currently known of the downstream signaling molecules for each PRR family and the resulting antiviral response, either type I interferons (IFNs) or pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The review highlights what is known but also defines what still requires elucidation in this economically important animal. Understanding innate immune systems to virus infections will aid in the development of better antiviral therapies and vaccines for the future.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.