ArticleGlia2015
Resident microglia, rather than blood-derived macrophages, contribute to the earlier and more pronounced inflammatory reaction in the immature compared with the adult hippocampus after hypoxia-ischemia.
Article in Glia, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glycerol-3-Phosphate Attenuates Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury via Modulation of Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation.Neurochemical research · 2026Article
- Postnatal Azithromycin Is Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory in a Piglet Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy.Stroke · 2026Article
- Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice sequentially recruits neutrophils with dichotomous phenotype and function.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Differential Effects of Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonists on HIV Replication and Inflammatory Activation in Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Microglia.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
- Pro-inflammatory microglia-targeted peptide therapy ameliorates neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in mice.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Quercetin alleviates neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury by rebalancing microglial M1/M2 polarization through silent information regulator 1/ high mobility group box-1 signalling.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Article
- P75NTR blockading inhibits Trem2+ M1 phenotype microglia activation and myelin damage following mild traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- Transplanted deep-layer cortical neuroblasts integrate into host neural circuits and alleviate motor defects in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy injured mice.Stem cell research & therapy · 2024Article
- Atorvastatin Promotes Pro/anti-inflammatory Phenotypic Transformation of Microglia via Wnt/β-catenin Pathway in Hypoxic-Ischemic Neonatal Rats.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Article
- NKG2D knockdown improves hypoxic-ischemic brain damage by inhibiting neuroinflammation in neonatal mice.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Clinical Potential of Immunotherapies in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment: Mechanistic Dissection of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses.Aging and disease · 2023Review
- RU.521 mitigates subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced brain injury via regulating microglial polarization and neuroinflammation mediated by the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2023Article
- Monocytes in neonatal stroke and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic possibilities.Neuroprotection (Chichester, England) · 2023Review
- Microglial phagocytosis dysfunction in stroke is driven by energy depletion and induction of autophagy.Autophagy · 2023Article
- Functional reconstruction of the basal ganglia neural circuit by human striatal neurons in hypoxic-ischaemic injured brain.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2023Article
- Hypoxia-ischemia-mediated effects on neurodevelopmentally regulated cold-shock proteins in neonatal mice under strict temperature control.Pediatric research · 2022Article
- Microglia and Stem-Cell Mediated Neuroprotection after Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2022Review
- Differential Expression and Distinct Roles of Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2 in Microglia and Neurons in Neonatal Mouse Brain After Hypoxia-Ischemic Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
- Ambient Temperature Is Correlated With the Severity of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury via Microglial Accumulation in Mice.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The mechanisms of neuronal injury after hypoxia-ischemia (HI) are different in the immature and the adult brain, but microglia activation has not been compared. The purpose of this study was to phenotype resident microglia and blood-derived macrophages in the hippocampus after HI in neonatal (postnatal day 9, P9) or adult (3 months of age, 3mo) mice. Unilateral brain injury after HI was induced in Cx3cr1(GFP/+) Ccr2(RFP/+) male mice on P9 (n = 34) or at 3mo (n = 53) using the Vannucci model. Resident microglia (Cx3cr1-GFP+) proliferated and were activated earlier after HI in the P9 (1-3 days) than that in the 3mo hippocampus, but remained longer in the adult brain (3-7 days). Blood-derived macrophages (Ccr2-RFP+) peaked 3 days after HI in both immature (P9) and adult (3mo) hippocampi but were twice as frequent in adult brains, 41% vs. 21% of all microglia/macrophages. CCL2 expression was three times higher in the P9 hippocampi, indicating that the proinflammatory response was more pronounced in the immature brain after HI. This corresponded well with the higher numbers of galectin-3-positive resident microglia in the P9 hippocampi, but did not correlate with CD16/32- or CD206-positive resident microglia or blood-derived macrophages. In conclusion, resident microglia, rather than infiltrating blood-derived macrophages, proliferate and are activated earlier in the immature than in the adult brain, but remain increased longer in the adult brain. The inflammatory response is more pronounced in the immature brain, and this correlate well with galectin-3 expression in resident microglia.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.