ReviewJournal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia2015
Proteolytic Systems in Milk: Perspectives on the Evolutionary Function within the Mammary Gland and the Infant.
Review in Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- ACE inhibitory casein peptide lowers blood pressure and reshapes gut microbiota in a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- A Proteomic Atlas of Human Milk: Uncovering Milk Functional Components.Research square · 2026Article
- Exploiting the role of milk extracellular vesicles: a comprehensive analysis on isolation methods, characterization, surface modifications, and their therapeutic applications.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Shaping Cell Identity: Global Transcriptome and Pathway Shifts during Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cell Differentiation.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2026Article
- Data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomics analysis of milk fat globule membrane proteins in rabbit colostrum and mature milk.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Comparative inactivation ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Ultraviolet-C Treatment Better Preserves the Proteomic Profile of Donor Human Milk than Holder Pasteurization.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2025Article
- Biotechnology Approaches to Dairy Alternatives Through Precision Fermentation and Cellular Agriculture.Food science of animal resources · 2025Review
- Influence of Gestational Age on the Level of Functional Peptides (Peptidome) in Breast Milk.Nutrients · 2025Observational
- Maternal Diet Quality and BMI as Predictors of Human Milk C-Reactive Protein Concentrations.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Bovine Milk Protein-Derived Preparations and Their Hydrolysates as Sources of ACE-Inhibitory, DPP-IV-Inhibitory, and Antioxidative Peptides Analyzed Using in Silico and in Vitro Protocols.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Relevance of Milk Composition to Human Longitudinal Growth from Infancy Through Puberty: Facts and Controversies.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Milk microbiome transplantation: recolonizing donor milk with mother's own milk microbiota.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Pregnancy Reduces Il33+ Hybrid Progenitor Accumulation in the Aged Mammary Gland.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Network analysis of the proteome and peptidome sheds light on human milk as a biological system.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Gestational age at birth influences protein and RNA content in human milk extracellular vesicles.Journal of extracellular biology · 2024Article
- Ecologies, synergies, and biological systems shaping human milk composition-a report from "Breastmilk Ecology: Genesis of Infant Nutrition (BEGIN)" Working Group 2.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Caseins: Versatility of Their Micellar Organization in Relation to the Functional and Nutritional Properties of Milk.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Milk contains elements of numerous proteolytic systems (zymogens, active proteases, protease inhibitors and protease activators) produced in part from blood, in part by mammary epithelial cells and in part by immune cell secretion. Researchers have examined milk proteases for decades, as they can cause major defects in milk quality and cheese production. Most previous research has examined these proteases with the aim to eliminate or control their actions. However, our recent peptidomics research demonstrates that these milk proteases produce specific peptides in healthy milk and continue to function within the infant's gastrointestinal tract. These findings suggest that milk proteases have an evolutionary function in aiding the infant's digestion or releasing functional peptides. In other words, the mother provides the infant with not only dietary proteins but also the means to digest them. However, proteolysis in the milk is controlled by a balance of protease inhibitors and protease activators so that only a small portion of milk proteins are digested within the mammary gland. This regulation presents a question: If proteolysis is beneficial to the infant, what benefits are gained by preventing complete proteolysis through the presence of protease inhibitors? In addition to summarizing what is known about milk proteolytic systems, we explore possible evolutionary explanations for this proteolytic balance.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.