ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2015
Human norovirus infection and the acute serum cytokine response.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Changes in micronutrient and inflammation serum biomarker concentrations after a norovirus human challenge.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Trial
- Norovirus in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals: cytokines and viral shedding.Clinical and experimental immunology · 2016Trial
- Overcoming host restrictions to enable continuous passaging of GII.3 human norovirus in human intestinal enteroids.Science advances · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Norovirus Immunity: Implications for Vaccine Design.Annual review of pathology · 2026Review
- Article
- Gut virome and its implications in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease.BMC medicine · 2025Review
- Spontaneous Remission of Epileptic Seizures Following Norovirus Infection in a Patient With DNM1 Encephalopathy.Cureus · 2024Article
- Kinetics of severe dengue virus infection and development of gut pathology in mice.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Gastrointestinal Infections Modulate the Risk for Insulin Autoantibodies as the First-Appearing Autoantibody in the TEDDY Study.Diabetes care · 2023Article
- Article
- Review
- Advances in understanding of the innate immune response to human norovirus infection using organoid models.The Journal of general virology · 2022Review
- Review
- Interferon responses to norovirus infections: current and future perspectives.The Journal of general virology · 2021Review
- Enteric Viruses and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.Viruses · 2021Review
- Article
- Human Norovirus Proteins: Implications in the Replicative Cycle, Pathogenesis, and the Host Immune Response.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Review
- Enteric Infections Are Common in Patients with Flares of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.The American journal of gastroenterology · 2018Article
- Characterization of innate immune viral sensors in patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.Innate immunity · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. The acute immune response to NoV in humans is poorly understood, hindering research on prevention and treatment. To elucidate the acute immune response and test for cytokine predictors of susceptibility to infection, serum samples from two human NoV challenge studies were tested for 16 cytokines. Subjects who became infected (n = 26) were age-matched with subjects who remained uninfected following NoV challenge (n = 26). Samples were tested from prechallenge and days 1-4 post-challenge. Cytokine responses were compared between infected and uninfected groups. Overall, infected individuals exhibited an elevation in T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines, as well as chemokines interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), compared to uninfected individuals (all P < 0.05). Most cytokines peaked on day 2 post-challenge in infected subjects, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-8, and IL-10 remained elevated to day 3. The only cytokine elevated significantly among infected subjects to day 4 post-challenge was IL-10 (P = 0.021). Prechallenge cytokine concentrations were not predictive of infection status post-challenge. There were no significant changes in serum cytokines among NoV-challenged subjects who remained uninfected. These results suggest that NoV infection elicits a Th1-type response, with some Th2 activation. Persistent elevation of IL-10 among infected subjects is consistent with activation of adaptive immune responses, such as B cell expansion, as well as down-regulation of Th1 cytokines. This study presents the first comprehensive description of the acute cytokine response to GI.1 NoV in humans.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.