ReviewFrontiers in immunology2015
Quantity and Quality of Inhaled Dose Predicts Immunopathology in Tuberculosis.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 41 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sulfolipid-1 fromJournal of neurophysiology · 2026Article
- Structural and Functional Characterization of Protein Adhesins and Pili in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Article
- Protein-Mediated Virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Differentially culturableJournal of medical microbiology · 2025Article
- Assessing Infectiousness and the Impact of Effective Treatment to Guide Isolation Recommendations for People With Pulmonary Tuberculosis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Association of Mycobacterium tuberculosis aerosolization and HIV coinfection in the index case with T cell responses in household contacts.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Household contact antigen-speciResearch square · 2024Article
- Splenic marginal zone B cells restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by shaping the cytokine pattern and cell-mediated immunity.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Severity of respiratory tract infections depends on the infectious dose. Perspectives for the next pandemic.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Review
- Infectious and Inflammatory Pathways to Cough.Annual review of physiology · 2023Review
- Initial immune response after exposure toFrontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Nationwide tuberculosis outbreak in the USA linked to a bone graft product: an outbreak report.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Association between climate variables and pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in Brunei Darussalam.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Immunobiology of tubercle bacilli and prospects of immunomodulatory drugs to tackle tuberculosis (TB) and other non-tubercular mycobacterial infections.Immunobiology · 2022Review
- A virtual host model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection identifies early immune events as predictive of infection outcomes.Journal of theoretical biology · 2022Article
- Tuberculosis: First in Flight.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2022Article
- Review
- Distribution patterns of drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis among HIV negative and positive tuberculosis patients in Western Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Inhalable solid lipid nanoparticles for intracellular tuberculosis infection therapy: macrophage-targeting and pH-sensitive properties.Drug delivery and translational research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Experimental animal models of tuberculosis (TB) have convincingly demonstrated that inhaled dose predicts immunopathology and survival. In contrast, the importance of inhaled dose has generally not been appreciated in TB epidemiology, clinical science, or the practice of TB control. Infectiousness of TB patients has traditionally been assessed using microscopy for acid-fast bacilli in the sputum, which should be considered only a risk factor. We have recently demonstrated that cough aerosol cultures from index cases with pulmonary TB are the best predictors of new infection among household contacts. We suggest that cough aerosols of M. tuberculosis are the best surrogates of inhaled dose, and we hypothesize that the quantity of cough aerosols is associated with TB infection versus disease. Although several factors affect the quality of infectious aerosols, we propose that the particle size distribution of cough aerosols is an important predictor of primary upper airway disease and cervical lymphadenitis and of immune responses in exposed hosts. We hypothesize that large droplet aerosols (>5 μ) containing M. tuberculosis deposit in the upper airway and can induce immune responses without establishing infection. We suggest that this may partially explain the large proportion of humans who never develop TB disease in spite of having immunological evidence of M. tuberculosis infection (e.g., positive tuberculin skin test or interferon gamma release assay). If these hypotheses are proven true, they would alter the current paradigm of latent TB infection and reactivation, further demonstrating the need for better biomarkers or methods of assessing TB infection and the risk of developing disease.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.