Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26170628›Full record

ReviewDrug design, development and therapy2015

Animal models of ischemic stroke and their application in clinical research.

Felix Fluri, Michael K Schuhmann, Christoph Kleinschnitz

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Drug design, development and therapy, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 370 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
370citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

370 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  7. Lentivirus- or AAV-mediated gene therapy interventions in ischemic stroke: A systematic review of preclinicalJournal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · 2022
    Pooled it
  8. Trial
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  11. Animal stroke models and outcome evaluation: A review.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026
    Review
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310 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Felix FluriDepartment of Neurology, University Clinic Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Michael K SchuhmannDepartment of Neurology, University Clinic Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
Christoph KleinschnitzDepartment of Neurology, University Clinic Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This review outlines the most frequently used rodent stroke models and discusses their strengths and shortcomings. Mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is not feasible because ischemic stroke in humans is a heterogeneous disorder with a complex pathophysiology. The transient or permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) model is one of the models that most closely simulate human ischemic stroke. Furthermore, this model is characterized by reliable and well-reproducible infarcts. Therefore, the MCAo model has been involved in the majority of studies that address pathophysiological processes or neuroprotective agents. Another model uses thromboembolic clots and thus is more convenient for investigating thrombolytic agents and pathophysiological processes after thrombolysis. However, for many reasons, preclinical stroke research has a low translational success rate. One factor might be the choice of stroke model. Whereas the therapeutic responsiveness of permanent focal stroke in humans declines significantly within 3 hours after stroke onset, the therapeutic window in animal models with prompt reperfusion is up to 12 hours, resulting in a much longer action time of the investigated agent. Another major problem of animal stroke models is that studies are mostly conducted in young animals without any comorbidity. These models differ from human stroke, which particularly affects elderly people who have various cerebrovascular risk factors. Choosing the most appropriate stroke model and optimizing the study design of preclinical trials might increase the translational potential of animal stroke models.

Indexed as

BrainBrain IschemiaStrokeAnimalsBehavior, AnimalBiomedical ResearchDisease Models, AnimalDisease ProgressionHumansPrognosisSpecies SpecificityTime Factorsendothelin-1microsphere/macrospheremousepermanent and transient middle cerebral artery occlusionphotothrombosisratthromboembolic clot model

Identifiers

PMID26170628
PMCPMC4494187

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.