ReviewClinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association2015
Covert and Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy: Diagnosis and Management.
Review in Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06072521 (Efficacy of Lactoferrin as an Adjunct Therapy in Patients With Hepatic Encephalopathy), which is not on this map. Cited by 107 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Efficacy of Lactoferrin as an Adjunct Therapy in Patients With Hepatic Encephalopathy
Who cites it
107 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- A Systematic Review of Microbiota in Cirrhosis: A Change Towards a More Pathogenic Predisposition.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- KASL clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis: Varices, hepatic encephalopathy, and related complications.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2020Guideline
- Zinc supplementation in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrition journal · 2019Pooled it
- Acetyl-L-carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Systematic Review of the Economic Burden of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy and Pharmacoeconomic Impact of Rifaximin.PharmacoEconomics · 2018Pooled it
- Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Accelerates the Recovery of Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure by Promoting M2-Like Transition of Monocytes.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Selective improvement by rifaximin of changes in the immunophenotype in patients who improve minimal hepatic encephalopathy.Journal of translational medicine · 2019Trial
- Trial
- Emergency Department Evaluation and Care of Hepatic Encephalopathy: ACEP Expert Panel Recommendations.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Narrative Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Covert hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: implications for early diagnosis and appropriate management.Clinical journal of gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Usefulness of the Stroop test in predicting decompensation events in patients with cirrhosis: A prospective cohort study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The diagnosis and management of portal hypertension in cirrhosis: The Gastroenterological Society of Australia consensus.Hepatology communications · 2026Article
- Novel insights into cyanobacterial (microcystins) neurotoxicity in rats: hepatic encephalopathy.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- [Clinical analysis of blood ammonia levels for predicting survival following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Article
- Development of a tryptophan metabolomics-based diagnostic model for hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Refractory Post-TIPS Hepatic Encephalopathy Complicated by Small Bowel Obstruction: A Therapeutic Dilemma.Case reports in gastrointestinal medicine · 2026Article
- Article
47 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is part of a spectrum of neurocognitive changes in cirrhosis. HE is divided into 2 broad categories based on severity: covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) and overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE). CHE has a significant impact on a patient's quality of life, driving performance, and recently has been associated with increased hospitalizations and death. Likewise, OHE is associated with increased rates of hospitalizations and mortality, and poor quality of life. Given its significant burden on patients, care takers, and the health care system, early diagnosis and management are imperative. In addition, focus also should be directed on patient and family member education on the disease progression and adherence to medications. Treatment strategies include the use of nonabsorbable disaccharides, antibiotics (ie, rifaximin), and, potentially, probiotics. Other therapies currently under further investigation include L-ornithine-L-aspartate, ornithine phenylacetate, glycerol phenylbutyrate, molecular adsorbent recirculating system, and albumin infusion.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.