SynthesisEuropean spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society2016
Is smoking a risk factor for lumbar disc herniation?
Synthesis in European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effect of Tobacco Smoking on Musculoskeletal Health: A Systematic Review.Journal of environmental and public health · 2018Pooled it
- Article
- Intervertebral disc degeneration.Nature reviews. Disease primers · 2026Review
- Occupational risk factors for surgically treated lumbar disc herniation - a 33-year follow-up.Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health · 2025Article
- Inflammatory Biomarkers in Smokers: Implications for Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Article
- Article
- Lumbar disc herniation: Epidemiology, clinical and radiologic diagnosis WFNS spine committee recommendations.World neurosurgery: X · 2024Review
- Understanding the etiopathogenesis of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation: From clinical evidence to basic scientific research.JOR spine · 2024Review
- Genetic predisposition ofCell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) · 2024Article
- Machine learning predictive model for lumbar disc reherniation following microsurgical discectomy.Brain & spine · 2024Article
- Prevalence of lumbar disc herniation and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study in Gansu.PloS one · 2024Article
- The Relationship Between Bone Mineral Density and Lumbar Disc Herniation in Postmenopausal Women.Cureus · 2023Article
- Intervertebral disc degeneration-Current therapeutic options and challenges.Frontiers in public health · 2023Review
- Pediatric lumbar disc herniation: a report of two cases and review of the literature.European journal of medical research · 2022Review
- Smoking and degenerative spinal disease: A systematic review.Brain & spine · 2022Review
- Article
- The impact of obesity and smoking on young individuals suffering from lumbar disc herniation: a retrospective analysis of 97 cases.Neurosurgical review · 2020Article
- Higher Risk of Intervertebral Disc Herniation among Neurosurgeons Than Neurologists: 15 Year-Follow-Up of a Physician Cohort.Journal of clinical medicine · 2018Article
- Recurrence Is Associated With Body Mass Index in Patients Undergoing a Single-Level Lumbar Disc Herniation Surgery.Journal of clinical medicine research · 2018Article
- Smoking Is an Independent Risk Factor of Reoperation Due to Recurrent Lumbar Disc Herniation.Global spine journal · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and lumbar disc herniation (LDH).
methodsCohort or case-control studies were identified by searches of several data bases, including Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and BIOSIS, for entries made up to December 2014. Data extraction was performed by two independent investigators. The data synthesis was performed using the random effects model. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analyses, and assessment for publication bias were also performed.
resultsThis systematic review included 12 studies-six each of cohort and case-control studies. The combined reported values showed that the relative risk of the association between smoking and LDH was 1.27 [95 % confidence interval (CI), 1.15-1.40] overall, 1.48 (95 % CI, 1.27-1.73) for case-control studies, and 1.17 (95 % CI, 1.05-1.30) for cohort studies.
conclusionThis systematic review demonstrates that smoking promotes the development of LDH.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.