ReviewBiomedical engineering online2015
The electronic stethoscope.
Review in Biomedical engineering online, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 84 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
84 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 295 citations in OpenAlex.
- Digital auscultation as a diagnostic aid to detect childhood pneumonia: A systematic review.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- Automatic recognition of murmurs of ventricular septal defect using convolutional recurrent neural networks with temporal attentive pooling.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Auscultation of Heart Murmurs: Validation by Virtual Clinical Trial.Pediatric cardiology · 2019Trial
- TriFusion-PCGNet: A Hybrid Multi-Branch Deep Learning Network for Energy-Aware Normal/Abnormal Heart Sound Classification.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Risk Factors of Arteriovenous Fistula Stenosis in Hemodialysis Patients Using Electronic Stethoscope Monitoring: Prospective Pilot Cohort Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- A Hitchhiker's Guide to Physical and Cognitive Effort.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Advances in cardiac devices and bioelectronics augmented with artificial intelligence.The Journal of physiology · 2026Review
- Real-Time Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification Using TinyML on Ultra-Low-Cost Microcontrollers: A Feasibility Study for Resource-Constrained Environments.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Design and Fabrication of a Chitosan-Based Diaphragm Digital Stethoscope for Heart Sound Acquisition.Micromachines · 2026Article
- From Fixed-Frequency to Tunable: Advances in Acoustic Sensors for Physiological Acoustic Monitoring.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Electronic Stethoscope Auscultation and Echocardiography in ARDS: Correlation and Prognostic Value for Mortality and ICU Length of Stay: A Prospective Observational Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Usefulness of lung sound data collection using Skeeper SM-300® device: A pilot study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Correction: The electronic stethoscope.Biomedical engineering online · 2025Article
- Unobtrusive continuous hemodynamic monitoring method using processed heart sound signals in patients undergoing surgery: a proof of concept study.Biomedical engineering letters · 2025Article
- Diaphragm Design for an Electret Microphone Stethoscope.IEEE sensors journal · 2025Article
- Ensemble learning for biomedical signal classification: a high-accuracy framework using spectrograms from percussion and palpation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Comparison of remote and in-person respiratory function grading of brachycephalic dogs.Veterinary surgery : VS · 2025Article
- A MEMS seismometer respiratory monitor for work of breathing assessment and adventitious lung sounds detection via deep learning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prototype of Self-Service Electronic Stethoscope to Be Used by Patients During Online Medical Consultations.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
24 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Most heart diseases are associated with and reflected by the sounds that the heart produces. Heart auscultation, defined as listening to the heart sound, has been a very important method for the early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction. Traditional auscultation requires substantial clinical experience and good listening skills. The emergence of the electronic stethoscope has paved the way for a new field of computer-aided auscultation. This article provides an in-depth study of (1) the electronic stethoscope technology, and (2) the methodology for diagnosis of cardiac disorders based on computer-aided auscultation. The paper is based on a comprehensive review of (1) literature articles, (2) market (state-of-the-art) products, and (3) smartphone stethoscope apps. It covers in depth every key component of the computer-aided system with electronic stethoscope, from sensor design, front-end circuitry, denoising algorithm, heart sound segmentation, to the final machine learning techniques. Our intent is to provide an informative and illustrative presentation of the electronic stethoscope, which is valuable and beneficial to academics, researchers and engineers in the technical field, as well as to medical professionals to facilitate its use clinically. The paper provides the technological and medical basis for the development and commercialization of a real-time integrated heart sound detection, acquisition and quantification system.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.