ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2015
Enteric trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles containing hepatitis B surface antigen for oral delivery.
Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intranasal trimethyl chitosan-coated emulsomes containing tizanidine as brain-targeted therapy in spasticity: formulation, optimization, and pharmacokinetic assessment.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology.Beilstein journal of nanotechnology · 2025Review
- Review
- A sustainable green-approach for biofabrication of chitosan nanoparticles, optimization, characterization, its antifungal activity against phytopathogenic Fusarium culmorum and antitumor activity.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Challenges and opportunities in current vaccine technology and administration: A comprehensive survey examining oral vaccine potential in the United States.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
- The Mucoadhesive Nanoparticle-Based Delivery System in the Development of Mucosal Vaccines.International journal of nanomedicine · 2022Review
- Developments in Vaccine Adjuvants.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Review
- Nanoparticular CpG-adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein elicits broadly neutralizing and Th1-biased immunoreactivity in mice.International journal of biological macromolecules · 2021Article
- Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Vehicles.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2021Review
- A New Amphotericin B-loaded Trimethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery System and Antifungal Activity onArchives of Razi Institute · 2021Article
- Design of an amphiphilic hyperbranched core/shell-type polymeric nanocarrier platform for drug delivery.Turkish journal of chemistry · 2020Article
- Needle-Free Immunization with Chitosan-Based Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Review
- Novel application of trimethyl chitosan as an adjuvant in vaccine delivery.International journal of nanomedicine · 2018Review
- pH-Responsive carriers for oral drug delivery: challenges and opportunities of current platforms.Drug delivery · 2017Review
- Challenges and Future Prospects for the Delivery of Biologics: Oral Mucosal, Pulmonary, and Transdermal Routes.The AAPS journal · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Oral vaccination is the preferred route of immunization. However, the degradative condition of the gastrointestinal tract and the higher molecular size of peptides pose major challenges in developing an effective oral vaccination system. One of the most excellent methods used in the development of oral vaccine delivery system relies on the entrapment of the antigen in polymeric nanoparticles. In this work, trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles were fabricated using ionic gelation teqnique by interaction hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), a pH-sensitive polymer, with TMC and the utility of the particles in the oral delivery of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was evaluated employing solutions that simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. The particle size, morphology, zeta potential, loading capacity, loading efficiency, in vitro release behavior, structure, and morphology of nanoparticles were evaluated, and the activity of the loaded antigen was assessed. Size of the optimized TMC/HPMCP nanoparticles and that of the antigen-loaded nanoparticles were 85 nm and 158 nm, respectively. Optimum loading capacity (76.75%) and loading efficiency (86.29%) were achieved at 300 µg/mL concentration of the antigen. SEM images revealed a spherical shape as well as a smooth and near-homogenous surface of nanoparticles. Results of the in vitro release studies showed that formulation with HPMCP improved the acid stability of the TMC nanoparticles as well as their capability to preserve the loaded HBsAg from gastric destruction. The antigen showed good activity both before and after loading. The results suggest that TMC/HPMCP nanoparticles could be used in the oral delivery of HBsAg vaccine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.