ArticlePeerJ2015
The destructive effect of botulinum neurotoxins on the SNARE protein: SNAP-25 and synaptic membrane fusion.
Article in PeerJ, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Botulinum Toxin Effects and Its Association with Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Advances in Clostridial Neurotoxins: Passage of the Intestinal Barrier and Targeting of Specific Neuronal Cells.Toxins · 2026Review
- Phosphorylation of SNAP-25 at Ser187 is enhanced following its cleavage by Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A, promoting the dominant-negative effect of the resulting fragment.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Combined treatment with antitoxin and 3,4-diaminopyridine improves survival outcomes after lethal botulinum neurotoxin challenge.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Efficacy and Safety Analysis of Botox Application and Iatrogenic Botulism: Panacea or Peril?Current pharmaceutical design · 2024Review
- Crystal Structure of the Catalytic Domain of a Botulinum Neurotoxin Homologue fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A Comprehensive Structural Analysis ofToxins · 2023Review
- Identifying SNARE Proteins Using an Alignment-Free Method Based on Multiscan Convolutional Neural Network and PSSM Profiles.Journal of chemical information and modeling · 2022Article
- Rabphilin 3A binds the N-peptide of SNAP-25 to promote SNARE complex assembly in exocytosis.eLife · 2022Article
- Antidotal treatment of botulism in rats by continuous infusion with 3,4-diaminopyridine.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2022Article
- Article
- Off-Label Use of Botulinum Toxin in Dermatology-Current State of the Art.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Article
- Sudor Anglicus: an epidemic targeting the autonomic nervous system.Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society · 2020Review
- Article
- OnabotulinumtoxinA injections: treatment of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome chronic daily headaches.BMJ case reports · 2019Article
- SNARE-CNN: a 2D convolutional neural network architecture to identify SNARE proteins from high-throughput sequencing data.PeerJ. Computer science · 2019Article
- Steric interference from intrinsically disordered regions controls dynamin-related protein 1 self-assembly during mitochondrial fission.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Use-dependent potentiation of voltage-gated calcium channels rescues neurotransmission in nerve terminals intoxicated by botulinum neurotoxin serotype A.Scientific reports · 2017Article
- Impact of Botox-A SNAP-25 protein expression and the mechanism of inhibitory neurotransmitter imbalance in chronic sciatic nerve pain rat model.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Synaptic exocytosis requires the assembly of syntaxin 1A and SNAP-25 on the plasma membrane and synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2) on the vesicular membrane to bridge the two opposite membranes. It is believed that the three SNARE proteins assemble in steps along the dynamic assembly pathway. The C-terminus of SNAP-25 is known to be the target of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT/A and BoNT/E) that block neurotransmitters release in vivo. In this study, we employed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to investigate the conformation of the SNAP-25 C-terminus in binary and ternary SNARE complexes. The fluorescence lipid mixing assay shows that the C-terminal of SNAP-25 is essential for membrane fusion, and that the truncated SNAP-25 mutants cleaved by BoNT/A and BoNT/E display different inhibition effects on membrane fusion: SNAP-25E (Δ26) abolishes the fusion activity of the SNARE complex, while SNAP-25A (Δ9) loses most of its function, although it can still form a SDS-resistant SNARE complex as the wild-type SNAP-25. CW-EPR spectra validate the unstable structures of the SNARE complex formed by SNAP-25 mutants. We propose that the truncated SNAP-25 mutants will disrupt the assembly of the SNARE core complex, and then inhibit the synaptic membrane fusion accordingly.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.