Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26157582›Full record

ArticleBMJ open diabetes research & care2015

Presence of anti-GAD in a non-diabetic population of adults; time dynamics and clinical influence: results from the HUNT study.

Elin Pettersen Sørgjerd, Per M Thorsby, Peter A Torjesen, Frank Skorpen, Kirsti Kvaløy, Valdemar Grill

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open diabetes research & care, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
37citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.2field-weighted citation impact, top 8% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

37 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.

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  7. A case of latent autoimmune diabetes in the young positive for zinc transporter 8 antibody with type 2 diabetes characteristics.Clinical pediatric endocrinology : case reports and clinical investigations : official journal of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.

Elin Pettersen SørgjerdDepartment of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine , HUNT Research Centre, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Levanger , Norway.
Per M ThorsbyHormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.
Peter A TorjesenHormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway.
Frank SkorpenDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Faculty of Medicine , The Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway.
Kirsti KvaløyDepartment of Public Health and General Practice, Faculty of Medicine , HUNT Research Centre, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Levanger , Norway.
Valdemar GrillDepartment of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , The Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway ; Department of Endocrinology , St. Olav University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway.
Norwegian University of Science and Technology · NOOslo University Hospital · NOSt Olav's University Hospital · NO

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIt is well known that anti-GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) serves as a marker for development of autoimmune diabetes in adults. On the other hand, the clinical implications of anti-GAD positivity in persistently non-diabetic (PND) adults are poorly elucidated. Our aim was to establish the frequency of anti-GAD in PNDs in an all-population-based cohort from the Nord-Trøndelag health study (HUNT) and to prospectively test for associations with glucose tolerance and thyroid autoimmunity.

methodsWe formed a primary study population (4496 individuals), selected randomly from the age group 20-90 years (50% men/women), who were non-diabetic both at HUNT2 (1995-1997) and HUNT3 (2006-2008). Anti-GAD-positive individuals at HUNT2, together with anti-GAD-negative individuals aged 20-29 years, were retested for anti-GAD positivity at HUNT3. A secondary study population consisted of individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n=349) at HUNT3 who developed diabetes between HUNT2 and HUNT3.

resultsThe frequency of anti-GAD positivity in PND was 1.7% (n=76) at HUNT2. Positivity did not associate with gender, family history of diabetes, or glucose levels, but was associated with thyroid-associated autoimmunity (increased frequency of positivity for anti-TPO (thyroid peroxidase), p<0.002). HLA-DQA1/DQB1, a risk haplotype for autoimmunity, was also associated with anti-GAD positivity in PND. The incidence of anti-GAD positivity was low (0.4%) in the subsample of individuals who were anti-GAD negative in HUNT2. Anti-GAD positivity in PNDs was frequently evanescent, with 54% losing, usually low-grade, positivity between HUNT2 and HUNT3. An evanescent state of autoimmunity as assessed by anti-GAD positivity during "pre-diabetes" in individuals later diagnosed with T2D could, however, not be affirmed.

conclusionsAnti-GAD positivity in PND is associated with HLA risk haplotypes and thyroid autoimmunity but not with clinical parameters of diabetes. Fleeting anti-GAD positivity is common; however, results do not support the notion of a history of autoimmunity in T2D in the present cohort.

Indexed as

Adult DiabetesAutoantibodiesAutoimmunity

Identifiers

PMID26157582
PMCPMC4486684
OpenAlexW2115641328

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.