SynthesisBMC pediatrics2015
Predictors of treatment failure for non-severe childhood pneumonia in developing countries--systematic literature review and expert survey--the first step towards a community focused mHealth risk-assessment tool?
Synthesis in BMC pediatrics, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Understanding the effect of indoor air pollution on pneumonia in children under 5 in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of evidence.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2019Pooled it
- Antibiotic use for community-acquired pneumonia in neonates and children: WHO evidence review.Paediatrics and international child health · 2018Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Clinical Evaluation of Pediatric Pulse Oximeters in South Africa: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Indoor environmental factors and pneumonia in preschool children in Haikou China.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Established and Novel Risk Factors for 30-Day Readmission Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Modified Delphi and Focus Group Study to Identify Clinically Important Predictors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Effects of high altitude on respiratory rate and oxygen saturation reference values in healthy infants and children younger than 2 years in four countries: a cross-sectional study.The Lancet. Global health · 2020Article
- Childhood pneumonia in low-and-middle-income countries: An update.Paediatric respiratory reviews · 2019Review
- Non-adherence to oral antibiotics for community paediatric pneumonia treatment in Malawi - A qualitative investigation.PloS one · 2018Article
- Childhood pneumonia diagnostics: community health workers' and national stakeholders' differing perspectives of new and existing aids.Global health action · 2017Article
- Pulse oximetry for children with pneumonia treated as outpatients in rural Malawi.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2016Article
- Reduction of childhood pneumonia mortality in the Sustainable Development era.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2016Article
- Non-adherence to community oral-antibiotic treatment in children with fast-breathing pneumonia in Malawi- secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2016Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundImproved referral algorithms for children with non-severe pneumonia at the community level are desirable. We sought to identify predictors of oral antibiotic failure in children who fulfill the case definition of World Health Organization (WHO) non-severe pneumonia. Predictors of greatest interest were those not currently utilized in referral algorithms and feasible to obtain at the community level.
methodsWe systematically reviewed prospective studies reporting independent predictors of oral antibiotic failure for children 2-59 months of age in resource-limited settings with WHO non-severe pneumonia (either fast breathing for age and/or lower chest wall indrawing without danger signs), with an emphasis on predictors not currently utilized for referral and reasonable for community health workers. We searched PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase and qualitatively analyzed publications from 1997-2014. To supplement the limited published evidence in this subject area we also surveyed respiratory experts.
resultsNine studies met criteria, seven of which were performed in south Asia. One eligible study occurred exclusively at the community level. Overall, oral antibiotic failure rates ranged between 7.8-22.9%. Six studies found excess age-adjusted respiratory rate (either WHO-defined very fast breathing for age or 10-15 breaths/min faster than normal WHO age-adjusted thresholds) and four reported young age as predictive for oral antibiotic failure. Of the seven predictors identified by the expert panel, abnormal oxygen saturation and malnutrition were most highly favored per the panel's rankings and comments.
conclusionsThis review identified several candidate predictors of oral antibiotic failure not currently utilized in childhood pneumonia referral algorithms; excess age-specific respiratory rate, young age, abnormal oxygen saturation, and moderate malnutrition. However, the data was limited and there are clear evidence gaps; research in rural, low-resource settings with community health workers is needed.
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