ArticlePLoS pathogens2015
MiR-21 in Extracellular Vesicles Leads to Neurotoxicity via TLR7 Signaling in SIV Neurological Disease.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 98 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 139 citations in OpenAlex.
- Alterations of Cerebral Extracellular Vesicle microRNA Profiling Potentially Disrupts Brain Homeostasis Following Myocardial Infarction.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Psoriatic microRNAs induce NK cell activation via an innate immune crosstalk abrogated by the Toll-like receptor 7/8 antagonist Enpatoran.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles as nodal mediators of neuroHIV pathogenesis: a perspective.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Extracellular RNAs as Messengers and Early Biomarkers in Neurodegeneration.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Cellular and Extracellular MicroRNA Dysregulation in LRRK2-Linked Parkinson's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Recommendations for Studying In Situ Extracellular Vesicles From Solid Tissue.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Expression of microRNAs in the detection and therapeutic roles of viral infections: Mechanisms and applications.Journal of virus eradication · 2025Review
- Dorsal root ganglion toxicity after AAV intra-CSF delivery of a RNAi expression construct into non-human primates and mice.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Protocol for the isolation and characterization of porcine brain region-associated extracellular particles.PloS one · 2025Article
- Characterization of extracellular vesicles and miRNA released by cerebral organoids.Current research in toxicology · 2025Article
- miR-574-5p in epigenetic regulation and Toll-like receptor signaling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- Cell damage shifts the microRNA content of small extracellular vesicles into a Toll-like receptor 7-activating cargo capable to propagate inflammation and immunity.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- Mature microRNA-binding protein QKI suppresses extracellular microRNA let-7b release.Journal of cell science · 2024Article
- Toll-like receptor 7: A novel neuroimmune target to reduce excessive alcohol consumption.Neurobiology of stress · 2024Article
- Review
- Research advances of tissue-derived extracellular vesicles in cancers.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2024Review
- Extracellular Vesicles: The Invisible Heroes and Villains of COVID-19 Central Neuropathology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2024Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recent studies have found that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an important role in normal and disease processes. In the present study, we isolated and characterized EVs from the brains of rhesus macaques, both with and without simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) induced central nervous system (CNS) disease. Small RNA sequencing revealed increased miR-21 levels in EVs from SIV encephalitic (SIVE) brains. In situ hybridization revealed increased miR-21 expression in neurons and macrophage/microglial cells/nodules during SIV induced CNS disease. In vitro culture of macrophages revealed that miR-21 is released into EVs and is neurotoxic when compared to EVs derived from miR-21-/- knockout animals. A mutation of the sequence within miR-21, predicted to bind TLR7, eliminates this neurotoxicity. Indeed miR-21 in EV activates TLR7 in a reporter cell line, and the neurotoxicity is dependent upon TLR7, as neurons isolated from TLR7-/- knockout mice are protected from neurotoxicity. Further, we show that EVs isolated from the brains of monkeys with SIV induced CNS disease activates TLR7 and were neurotoxic when compared to EVs from control animals. Finally, we show that EV-miR-21 induced neurotoxicity was unaffected by apoptosis inhibition but could be prevented by a necroptosis inhibitor, necrostatin-1, highlighting the actions of this pathway in a growing number of CNS disorders.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.