ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015
Optimized deep-targeted proteotranscriptomic profiling reveals unexplored Conus toxin diversity and novel cysteine frameworks.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 52 papers.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed.
- Molecular arms race classifier for decrypting venom peptide and ion channel interactions.Digital discovery · 2026Article
- From marine predator to pharmacology: Conotoxin diversity, discovery, and therapeutic potential.Zoological research · 2026Review
- Integrative transcriptomics and peptidomics approach reveals unexpectedly diverse endogenous secretory peptides in Odorrana grahami frog skin.BMC biology · 2025Article
- Transcriptomics-driven exploration of genetic variation and peptide discovery in the sea anemones Anthopleura midori and Actinia equina.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- PeptideMiner-neuropeptide discovery across the animal kingdom.GigaScience · 2025Article
- Article
- In Silico Conotoxin Studies: Progress and Prospects.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Stapling Cysteine[2,4] Disulfide Bond of α-Conotoxin LsIA and Its Potential in Target Delivery.Marine drugs · 2024Article
- Collaborative Expression: Transcriptomics of Conus virgo Suggests Contribution of Multiple Secretory Glands to Venom Production.Journal of molecular evolution · 2023Article
- Venomous Noodles: The Evolution of Toxins in Nemertea through Positive Selection and Gene Duplication.Toxins · 2023Article
- Identification of sodium channel toxins from marine cone snails of the subgenera Textilia and Afonsoconus.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2023Article
- Characterization of the Native Disulfide Isomers of the Novel χ-Conotoxin PnID: Implications for Further Increasing Conotoxin Diversity.Marine drugs · 2023Article
- Synthesis and Characterization of an Analgesic Potential Conotoxin Lv32.1.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Vexitoxins: conotoxin-like venom peptides from predatory gastropods of the genusProceedings. Biological sciences · 2022Article
- High-Throughput Prediction and Design of Novel Conopeptides for Biomedical Research and Development.Biodesign research · 2022Article
- Isolation and characterization of five novel disulfide-poor conopeptides fromThe journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Article
- Diversity of Conopeptides and Conoenzymes from the Venom Duct of the Marine Cone SnailMarine drugs · 2021Article
- Proteomic analysis of Red SeaThe journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2021Article
- Diversity of Conopeptides and Their Precursor Genes ofMarine drugs · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cone snails are predatory marine gastropods characterized by a sophisticated venom apparatus responsible for the biosynthesis and delivery of complex mixtures of cysteine-rich toxin peptides. These conotoxins fold into small highly structured frameworks, allowing them to potently and selectively interact with heterologous ion channels and receptors. Approximately 2,000 toxins from an estimated number of >70,000 bioactive peptides have been identified in the genus Conus to date. Here, we describe a high-resolution interrogation of the transcriptomes (available at www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp) and proteomes of the diverse compartments of the Conus episcopatus venom apparatus. Using biochemical and bioinformatic tools, we found the highest number of conopeptides yet discovered in a single Conus specimen, with 3,305 novel precursor toxin sequences classified into 9 known superfamilies (A, I1, I2, M, O1, O2, S, T, Z), and identified 16 new superfamilies showing unique signal peptide signatures. We were also able to depict the largest population of venom peptides containing the pharmacologically active C-C-CC-C-C inhibitor cystine knot and CC-C-C motifs (168 and 44 toxins, respectively), as well as 208 new conotoxins displaying odd numbers of cysteine residues derived from known conotoxin motifs. Importantly, six novel cysteine-rich frameworks were revealed which may have novel pharmacology. Finally, analyses of codon usage bias and RNA-editing processes of the conotoxin transcripts demonstrate a specific conservation of the cysteine skeleton at the nucleic acid level and provide new insights about the origin of sequence hypervariablity in mature toxin regions.
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