ArticlePLoS pathogens2015
IFNγ and IL-12 Restrict Th2 Responses during Helminth/Plasmodium Co-Infection and Promote IFNγ from Th2 Cells.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- In vivo reduction of Treg expansion in rodent helminth-malaria coinfection.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Bugs as drugs: parasite biomolecules as novel therapeutics against breast cancer.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Review
- Coinfection with malaria alters the fecundity and within-host persistence of an intestinal nematode.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Targeting T-Cell Activation for Malaria Immunotherapy: Scoping Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
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- Chronic small intestinal helminth infection perturbs bile acid homeostasis and disrupts bile acid signaling in the murine small intestine.Frontiers in parasitology · 2023Article
- Infection with soil-transmitted helminths and their impact on coinfections.Frontiers in parasitology · 2023Review
- Review
- Age-dependent rise in IFN-γ competence undermines effective type 2 responses to nematode infection.Mucosal immunology · 2022Article
- Btn2a2 Regulates ILC2-T Cell Cross Talk in Type 2 Immune Responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Quorum sensing via dynamic cytokine signaling comprehensively explains divergent patterns of effector choice among helper T cells.PLoS computational biology · 2020Article
- Microbiota-Propelled T Helper 17 Cells in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancer.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2020Review
- Identification of a novel methyltransferase-type 12 protein from Haemonchus contortus and its effects on functions of goat PBMCs.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
- The Roles of Type I Interferon in Co-infections With Parasites and Viruses, Bacteria, or Other Parasites.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Pulmonary Consequences of Prenatal Inflammatory Exposures: Clinical Perspective and Review of Basic Immunological Mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Review
- Accelerator or Brake: Immune Regulators in Malaria.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2020Review
- Neuronal impairment following chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection is aggravated by intestinal nematode challenge in an IFN-γ-dependent manner.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2019Article
- T cell-mediated immunity to malaria.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2019Review
- Superimposed visceral leishmanial infection aggravates response to Heligmosomoides polygyrus.Parasites & vectors · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Parasitic helminths establish chronic infections in mammalian hosts. Helminth/Plasmodium co-infections occur frequently in endemic areas. However, it is unclear whether Plasmodium infections compromise anti-helminth immunity, contributing to the chronicity of infection. Immunity to Plasmodium or helminths requires divergent CD4+ T cell-driven responses, dominated by IFNγ or IL-4, respectively. Recent literature has indicated that Th cells, including Th2 cells, have phenotypic plasticity with the ability to produce non-lineage associated cytokines. Whether such plasticity occurs during co-infection is unclear. In this study, we observed reduced anti-helminth Th2 cell responses and compromised anti-helminth immunity during Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Plasmodium chabaudi co-infection. Using newly established triple cytokine reporter mice (Il4gfpIfngyfpIl17aFP635), we demonstrated that Il4gfp+ Th2 cells purified from in vitro cultures or isolated ex vivo from helminth-infected mice up-regulated IFNγ following adoptive transfer into Rag1-/- mice infected with P. chabaudi. Functionally, Th2 cells that up-regulated IFNγ were transcriptionally re-wired and protected recipient mice from high parasitemia. Mechanistically, TCR stimulation and responsiveness to IL-12 and IFNγ, but not type I IFN, was required for optimal IFNγ production by Th2 cells. Finally, blockade of IL-12 and IFNγ during co-infection partially preserved anti-helminth Th2 responses. In summary, this study demonstrates that Th2 cells retain substantial plasticity with the ability to produce IFNγ during Plasmodium infection. Consequently, co-infection with Plasmodium spp. may contribute to the chronicity of helminth infection by reducing anti-helminth Th2 cells and converting them into IFNγ-secreting cells.
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