Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26146557›Full record

ArticleJournal of therapeutic ultrasound2015

Characterization and evaluation of tissue-mimicking gelatin phantoms for use with MRgFUS.

Alexis I Farrer, Henrik Odéen, Joshua de Bever, Brittany Coats, Dennis L Parker, Allison Payne, Douglas A Christensen

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of therapeutic ultrasound, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
67citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

67 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Impact of breast biopsy markers on magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound.International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group · 2026
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  13. Overview of Therapeutic Ultrasound Applications and Safety Considerations: 2024 Update.Journal of ultrasound in medicine : official journal of the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine · 2025
    Review
  14. Delivery of Cavitation Therapy With a Modified Clinical Scanner: In Vitro Evaluation.IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control · 2025
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Evaluation of acoustic-thermal simulations of in vivo magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound ablative therapy.International journal of hyperthermia : the official journal of European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology, North American Hyperthermia Group · 2024
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  17. Article
  18. Simultaneous proton resonance frequency TMagnetic resonance in medicine · 2023
    Article
  19. Brain-Mimicking Phantom for Photoablation and Visualization.... International Symposium on Medical Robotics. International Symposium on Medical Robotics · 2023
    Article
  20. Article

7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Alexis I FarrerDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA ; Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA.
Henrik OdéenUtah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA.
Joshua de BeverUtah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA ; School of Computing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA.
Brittany CoatsDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA.
Dennis L ParkerUtah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA.
Allison PayneUtah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA.
Douglas A ChristensenDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA ; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA.

Funding

Improved MRI temperature imaging using a subject-specific biophysical modelR01EB013433 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF UTAH · PI PARKER, DENNIS L · 2011 to 2014
$1.8M
NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB013433
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundA tissue-mimicking phantom that accurately represents human-tissue properties is important for safety testing and for validating new imaging techniques. To achieve a variety of desired human-tissue properties, we have fabricated and tested several variations of gelatin phantoms. These phantoms are simple to manufacture and have properties in the same order of magnitude as those of soft tissues. This is important for quality-assurance verification as well as validation of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) treatment techniques.

methodsThe phantoms presented in this work were constructed from gelatin powders with three different bloom values (125, 175, and 250), each one allowing for a different mechanical stiffness of the phantom. Evaporated milk was used to replace half of the water in the recipe for the gelatin phantoms in order to achieve attenuation and speed of sound values in soft tissue ranges. These acoustic properties, along with MR (T1 and T2*), mechanical (density and Young's modulus), and thermal properties (thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity), were obtained through independent measurements for all three bloom types to characterize the gelatin phantoms. Thermal repeatability of the phantoms was also assessed using MRgFUS and MR thermometry.

resultsAll the measured values fell within the literature-reported ranges of soft tissues. In heating tests using low-power (6.6 W) sonications, interleaved with high-power (up to 22.0 W) sonications, each of the three different bloom phantoms demonstrated repeatable temperature increases (10.4 ± 0.3 °C for 125-bloom, 10.2 ± 0.3 °C for 175-bloom, and 10.8 ± 0.2 °C for 250-bloom for all 6.6-W sonications) for heating durations of 18.1 s.

conclusionThese evaporated milk-modified gelatin phantoms should serve as reliable, general soft tissue-mimicking MRgFUS phantoms.

Indexed as

GelatinMRgFUSPhantomsTissue-mimicking

Identifiers

PMID26146557
PMCPMC4490606

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.