ArticleMolecular and clinical oncology2015
Extracranial metastasis of gliobastoma: Three illustrative cases and current review of the molecular pathology and management strategies.
Article in Molecular and clinical oncology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prognostic nomogram for glioblastoma (GBM) patients presenting with distant extension: a seer-based study.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Trial
- CXCR4+ circulating tumor cells (CTCs) accumulate in subcutaneous, immune suppressive, CXCL12-loaded-hydrogel.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity, Measurement, and Clinical Implications of Oxygenation, Cell Signaling, and Redox Biology in Glioblastoma and Adult Diffuse Gliomas, with Context from Other Brain Tumors.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Glioblastoma invasion into different organoid hosts reveals cell-intrinsic and proliferative migratory programs.iScience · 2026Article
- Diffusely metastatic glioblastoma with FGFR3::TACC3 fusion: cell-free DNA fragmentation analyses and molecular characterization of matched primary and metastatic tumor sites.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Article
- Rapidly progressive scalp and lung metastases with fatal pneumothorax in glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype, with MET and CDK6 amplifications: a case report of clinical course and postmortem autopsy, including genetic analysis.Brain tumor pathology · 2025Article
- Extra-central nervous system metastasis from high-grade glioma: a single-institution experience.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- Extraneural metastases of glioblastoma: A case report and literature review.Surgical neurology international · 2025Article
- The prognostic significance of synchronous metastasis in glioblastoma multiforme patients: a propensity score-matched analysis using SEER data.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Extracranial metastasis of glioblastoma: A case report and literature review.International journal of surgery case reports · 2023Article
- H3G34-mutant diffuse hemispheric glioma with osseous metastases: a case report and literature review.CNS oncology · 2023Review
- Case report: meningeal lymphangiogenesis around ependymoma forming along the dura matter.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Systemic Metastasis of Pediatric Diffuse High-grade Astrocytoma: A Case Report.NMC case report journal · 2023Article
- Primary bone destruction and extracranial metastases in an atypical glioblastoma with sarcomatoid features.BMJ case reports · 2022Article
- Intracranial dissemination of glioblastoma multiforme: a case report and literature review.The Journal of international medical research · 2022Review
- In Vitro and Computational Studies of Perezone and Perezone Angelate as Potential Anti-Glioblastoma Multiforme Agents.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Article
- Case report: Fulminant extraneural metastasis of glioblastoma through venous sinus.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
- Novel Ion Channel Targets and Drug Delivery Tools for Controlling Glioblastoma Cell Invasiveness.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Glioblastoma Multiforme-A Look at the Past and a Glance at the Future.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and the most malignant primary brain tumor in adults, accounting for ~12-15% of all intracranial neoplasms. Despite advances in surgical, medical and radiation therapies, the mortality of GBM remains high, with a median survival ranging between 40 and 70 weeks. Similar to other primary brain tumors, the extracranial metastasis of GBM is extremely rare, occurring in <2% of patients. To demonstrate the clinical characteristics of this rare tumor, we herein present three cases of extracranial GBM metastasis: One to the lungs, which represents the longest reported survival of lung metastases from GBM to date; the second to the soft tissue of the posterior neck; and the third to the lumbar intradural space. Unlike tumors elsewhere, there are unique barriers in the brain that prevent the hematogenous and lymphatic spread of intracranial tumors, such as the dura mater and the thickened basement membrane of the blood vessels. In addition, central nervous system tumor cells lack extracellular matrix proteins required to invade surrounding connective tissue, a prerequisite for tumor dissemination. In this study, we aimed to investigate the different possible mechanisms underlying the extracranial metastasis of GBM and determine the biomolecular and genetic characteristics differentiating GBMs that metastasize from those that do not. We also reviewed the role of systemic chemotherapy and bevacizumab in the treatment of disseminated GBMs. Early identification and differentiation of these tumors may enable patients to benefit from surgical resection, radiation and combination chemotherapy prior to developing other comorbidities from metastatic disease, which may translate into prolonged survival with an acceptable quality of life.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.