ArticleFrontiers in immunology2015
Cytokine Levels in Late Pregnancy: Are Female Infants Better Protected Against Inflammation?
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of epidural amniotic fluid injection for low back pain.Interventional pain medicine · 2025Article
- Amniotic fluid modifies esophageal epithelium differentiation and inflammatory responses.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2024Article
- Stretch Causes cffDNA and HMGB1-Mediated Inflammation and Cellular Stress in Human Fetal Membranes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Stratification of Amniotic Fluid Cells and Amniotic Fluid by Sex Opens Up New Perspectives on Fetal Health.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Is human labor at term an inflammatory condition?†.Biology of reproduction · 2023Review
- Racial differences in the associations between adiposity, placental growth hormone and inflammatory cytokines in pregnant women.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- IL-6 and IL-8: An Overview of Their Roles in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Article
- Fetal DNA Causes Sex-Specific Inflammation From Human Fetal Membranes.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Associations between Physiological Biomarkers and Psychosocial Measures of Pregnancy-Specific Anxiety and Depression with Support Intervention.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Sex Specific Expression of Interleukin 7, 8 and 15 in Placentas of Women with Gestational Diabetes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2020Article
- Sex-specific maternofetal innate immune responses triggered by group B Streptococci.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Patients with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage have abnormally high TGFß+ blood NK, NKT and T cells in the presence of abnormally low TGFß plasma levels.BMC immunology · 2019Article
- Maternal Diet, Metabolic State, and Inflammatory Response Exert Unique and Long-Lasting Influences on Offspring Behavior in Non-Human Primates.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2018Article
- Transfer of maternal immunity and programming of the newborn immune system.Seminars in immunopathology · 2017Review
- Association of cord blood chemokines and other biomarkers with neonatal complications following intrauterine inflammation.PloS one · 2017Article
- Tryptophan metabolism, disposition and utilization in pregnancy.Bioscience reports · 2015Review
- The Role of Infection and Inflammation in Stillbirths: Parallels with SIDS?Frontiers in immunology · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inflammatory responses have been implicated in several forms of infant deaths (sudden expected deaths and stillbirths) and the initiation of pre-term births. In this study, we examined matched samples of term maternal blood, cord blood, and amniotic fluid obtained from 24 elective cesarean deliveries for both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines thought to be important in maintaining a balanced response leading to successful pregnancy outcome. These included interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). Amniotic fluid levels for each of the cytokines examined were significantly higher than those for cord blood or maternal plasma. While pro-inflammatory cytokines were higher in amniotic fluid associated with male fetuses compared with females, the major significant difference was higher levels of IL-1ra in amniotic fluid associated with female fetuses. Our study supports similar findings for cytokines during mid-trimester, which noted that amniotic fluid levels were higher than those in maternal blood. Our study suggests that maternal decidua secretes additional IL-ra in the presence of a female conceptus which improves the likelihood of a good outcome compared to pregnancies with male fetuses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.