ArticlePloS one2015
The Low-Cost Compound Lignosulfonic Acid (LA) Exhibits Broad-Spectrum Anti-HIV and Anti-HSV Activity and Has Potential for Microbicidal Applications.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Lignins and Their Derivatives with Beneficial Effects on Human Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2017Pooled it
- Sustained ROS scavenging and pericellular oxygenation by lignin composites rescue HIF-1α and VEGF levels to improve diabetic wound neovascularization and healing.Acta biomaterialia · 2025Article
- Antiviral Cellulose-Lignin Assembly Entirely Composed of Plant Cell Wall Components.Applied biochemistry and biotechnology · 2025Article
- pH-Responsive Amphiphilic Chitosan-Lignin System Loaded with Samarium Oxide Nanoparticles for Curcumin Delivery.ACS omega · 2025Article
- Review
- Pharmaceutical applications of lignin-derived chemicals and lignin-based materials: linking lignin source and processing with clinical indication.Biomass conversion and biorefinery · 2024Review
- A Comprehensive Mini-Review on Lignin-Based Nanomaterials for Food Applications: Systemic Advancement and Future Trends.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Opportunities and Challenges for Lignin Valorization in Food Packaging, Antimicrobial, and Agricultural Applications.Biomacromolecules · 2023Review
- High value valorization of lignin as environmental benign antimicrobial.Materials today. Bio · 2023Review
- Lignin: A Sustainable Antiviral Coating Material.ACS sustainable chemistry & engineering · 2022Article
- Lignosulfonate Rapidly Inactivates Human Immunodeficiency and Herpes Simplex Viruses.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Active Components fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Quantification of the Ability of Natural Products to Prevent Herpes Virus Infection.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2020Article
- Agglomeration of Viruses by Cationic Lignin Particles for Facilitated Water Purification.ACS sustainable chemistry & engineering · 2020Article
- Lignin for Nano- and Microscaled Carrier Systems: Applications, Trends, and Challenges.ChemSusChem · 2019Review
- Lignin-Derived Biomaterials for Drug Release and Tissue Engineering.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Review
- Lignosulfonic acid attenuates NF-κB activation and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ in Caco-2 cells.Journal of natural medicines · 2018Article
- Chloro-1,4-dimethyl-9H-carbazole Derivatives Displaying Anti-HIV Activity.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2018Article
- Computational study of HIV gp120 as a target for polyanionic entry inhibitors: Exploiting the V3 loop region.PloS one · 2018Article
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immune Cell Receptors, Coreceptors, and Cofactors: Implications for Prevention and Treatment.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2016Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesLignosulfonic acid (LA), a low-cost lignin-derived polyanionic macromolecule, was extensively studied for its anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity in various cellular assays, its mechanism of viral inhibition and safety profile as potential microbicide.
resultsLA demonstrated potent inhibitory activity of HIV replication against a wide range of R5 and X4 HIV strains and prevented the uptake of HIV by bystander CD4+ T cells from persistently infected T cells in vitro (IC50: 0.07 - 0.34 μM). LA also inhibited HSV-2 replication in vitro in different cell types (IC50: 0.42 - 1.1 μM) and in rodents in vivo. Furthermore, LA neutralized the HIV-1 and HSV-2 DC-SIGN-mediated viral transfer to CD4+ T cells (IC50: ~1 μM). In addition, dual HIV-1/HSV-2 infection in T cells was potently blocked by LA (IC50: 0.71 μM). No antiviral activity was observed against the non-enveloped viruses Coxsackie type B4 and Reovirus type 1. LA is defined as a HIV entry inhibitor since it interfered with gp120 binding to the cell surface of T cells. Pretreatment of PBMCs with LA neither increased expression levels of cellular activation markers (CD69, CD25 and HLA-DR), nor enhanced HIV-1 replication. Furthermore, we found that LA had non-antagonistic effects with acyclovir, PRO2000 or LabyA1 (combination index (CI): 0.46 - 1.03) in its anti-HSV-2 activity and synergized with tenofovir (CI: 0.59) in its anti-HIV-1 activity. To identify mechanisms of LA resistance, we generated in vitro a mutant HIV-1 NL4.3LAresistant virus, which acquired seven mutations in the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: S160N, V170N, Q280H and R389T in gp120 and K77Q, N113D and H132Y in gp41. Additionally, HIV-1 NL4.3LAresistant virus showed cross-resistance with feglymycin, enfuvirtide, PRO2000 and mAb b12, four well-described HIV binding/fusion inhibitors. Importantly, LA did not affect the growth of vaginal Lactobacilli strains.
conclusionOverall, these data highlight LA as a potential and unique low-cost microbicide displaying broad anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.