ArticlePloS one2015
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Cooperatively Modulate Macrophage Apoptosis via Toll Like Receptor 2 and Calcium Homeostasis.
Article in PloS one, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression of Toll-like Receptors and Chemokine Receptors in the Early and Advanced Stages of HIV Infection Aggravated byInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Organelle interplay in host responses and mycobacterial resilience.EMBO reports · 2026Review
- Mycobacteria modulate SUMOylation to suppresses protective responses in dendritic cells.PloS one · 2023Article
- HIV and the tuberculosis "set point": how HIV impairs alveolar macrophage responses to tuberculosis and sets the stage for progressive disease.Retrovirology · 2020Review
- A Role of Intracellular Toll-Like Receptors (3, 7, and 9) in Response toInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2020Review
- Examining the Complex Relationship Between Tuberculosis and Other Infectious Diseases in Children.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2019Review
- Article
- Essential and toxic metals in serum of individuals with active pulmonary tuberculosis in an endemic region.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2017Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) together with reports of co-infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has renewed interest to better understand the intricate mechanisms prevalent during co-infections. In this study we report a synergistic effect of M. tuberculosis and HIV-1, and their antigens Rv3416 and Nef, respectively, in inhibiting apoptosis of macrophages. This inhibition involves the TLR2 pathway and second messengers that play complementing and contrasting roles in regulating apoptosis. Interestingly, the route of calcium influx into cells differentially regulates apoptosis during antigenic co-stimulation. While calcium released from intracellular stores was anti-apoptotic, calcium influx from the external milieu was pro-apoptotic. Further, molecular sensors of intracellular calcium release aid in antigen mediated inhibition of apoptosis. A cross-regulation between oxidative burst and differential routing of calcium influx governed apoptosis. Interestingly, the HIV-1 Nef supported anti-apoptotic responses in macrophages whereas Vpu had no significant effect. These results point to a synergistic liaison between M. tuberculosis and HIV-1 in regulating macrophage apoptosis.
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Registered trials
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