ArticleToxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology2015
In vivo onset and duration of action varies for botulinum neurotoxin A subtypes 1-5.
Article in Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Guideline
- Trial
- Proteolytic Activities and Immunological Effects of Light Chains of Botulinum Neurotoxin A1, A2 and A3 Subtypes.Toxins · 2025Article
- Phosphorylation of SNAP-25 at Ser187 is enhanced following its cleavage by Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A, promoting the dominant-negative effect of the resulting fragment.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Article
- An automated platform for simultaneous, longitudinal analysis of engineered neuromuscular tissues for applications in neurotoxin potency testing.Current research in toxicology · 2025Article
- Neurotoxin-Derived Optical Probes for Elucidating Molecular and Developmental Biology of Neurons and Synaptic Connections : Toxin-Derived Optical Probes for Neuroimaging.Molecular imaging and biology · 2024Review
- Article
- Potency Evaluations of Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin A1 Mutants Designed to Reduce Toxicity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Degradation of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chains Using PROTACs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- A DARPin promotes faster onset of botulinum neurotoxin A1 action.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Botulinum neurotoxins: Future innovations.Medicine · 2023Article
- Botulinum Neurotoxin A4 Has a 1000-Fold Reduced Potency Due to Three Single Amino Acid Alterations in the Protein Receptor Binding Domain.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- A Comprehensive Structural Analysis ofToxins · 2023Review
- How Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain A1 Maintains Stable Association with the Intracellular Neuronal Plasma Membrane.Toxins · 2022Article
- Nociceptor neurons affect cancer immunosurveillance.Nature · 2022Article
- Genomic Diversity, Competition, and Toxin Production by Group I and IIMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Crystal Structures of theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
To date, over 40 subtypes of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been identified. BoNTs are classified into 7 serotypes distinguished primarily by their antigenic properties, but also characterized by their unique SNARE targets and cleavage sites, host specificity, and duration of action. Sequencing efforts in the last decade have identified several subtypes within the serotypes. Subtypes are currently defined as distinct based solely on amino acid sequence comparison, with a similarity cut-off of 2.5% difference. Ten subtypes have been identified for BoNT/A, which is the serotype associated with the most severe human botulism and also the most commonly used serotype for clinical purposes. Analyses of several of these subtypes have revealed distinct characteristics, ranging from differences in cell entry and enzyme kinetics to differences in potency in mice and cell-model specific potency. A long-term activity study in cultured primary neurons has indicated that BoNT/A1, 2, 4, and 5 have a similar duration of action, whereas BoNT/A3 has a significantly shorter duration of action. This report describes an in vivo mouse study, showing that after local injection BoNT/A2 resulted in faster onset of local paralysis than BoNT/A1, 3, 4, and 5, whereas BoNT/A3 resulted in significantly faster recovery of motor-neuron deficiency.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.