ArticleXenotransplantation
Pig kidney graft survival in a baboon for 136 days: longest life-supporting organ graft survival to date.
Article in Xenotransplantation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers.
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Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 208 citations in OpenAlex.
- Endothelial protein C receptor and the endothelial progenitor paradigm: towards a functional definition at last.Angiogenesis · 2026Article
- Future of xenotransplantation in Korea.Clinical transplantation and research · 2026Review
- Porcine kidney xenotransplantation: From primate models to clinical reality.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Present Advances and Emerging Challenges in Kidney Xenotransplantation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Xeno kidney: revolutionizing kidney disease treatment.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Review
- Xenotransplantation: Current Understanding of the Mechanism of Immune-Mediated Injury.Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · 2025Review
- Plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin prolonged the survival of a porcine kidney xenograft in a sensitized, brain-dead human recipient.Chinese medical journal · 2025Article
- Genetically engineered pig heart transplantation in non-human primates.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Progress in Porcine Kidney Transplantation to Non-Human Primates.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2025Review
- Epitope-level analysis of cross-reactive human HLA antibodies against genetically modified swine leukocyte antigens in xenotransplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Physiological basis for xenotransplantation from genetically modified pigs to humans.Physiological reviews · 2024Review
- Complement networks in gene-edited pig xenotransplantation: enhancing transplant success and addressing organ shortage.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- The Evolution of Immunosuppressive Therapy in Pig-to-Nonhuman Primate Organ Transplantation.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2024Review
- Article
- Consensus statement on heart xenotransplantation in children: Toward clinical translation.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery · 2023Article
- Graft dysfunction in compassionate use of genetically engineered pig-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation: a case report.Lancet (London, England) · 2023Article
- Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system function in the pig-to-baboon kidney xenotransplantation model.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2023Article
- Preclinical rationale and current pathways to support the first human clinical trials in cardiac xenotransplantation.Human immunology · 2023Article
- Developments in kidney xenotransplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Progress in xenotransplantation: overcoming immune barriers.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2022Review
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The longest survival of a non-human primate with a life-supporting kidney graft to date has been 90 days, although graft survival > 30 days has been unusual. A baboon received a kidney graft from an α-1,3-galactosyltransferase gene-knockout pig transgenic for two human complement-regulatory proteins and three human coagulation-regulatory proteins (although only one was expressed in the kidney). Immunosuppressive therapy was with ATG+anti-CD20mAb (induction) and anti-CD40mAb+rapamycin+corticosteroids (maintenance). Anti-TNF-α and anti-IL-6R were administered. The baboon survived 136 days with a generally stable serum creatinine (0.6 to 1.6 mg/dl) until termination. No features of a consumptive coagulopathy (e.g., thrombocytopenia, decreased fibrinogen) or of a protein-losing nephropathy were observed. There was no evidence of an elicited anti-pig antibody response. Death was from septic shock (Myroides spp). Histology of a biopsy on day 103 was normal, but by day 136, the kidney showed features of glomerular enlargement, thrombi, and mesangial expansion. The combination of (i) a graft from a specific genetically engineered pig, (ii) an effective immunosuppressive regimen, and (iii) anti-inflammatory agents prevented immune injury and a protein-losing nephropathy, and delayed coagulation dysfunction. This outcome encourages us that clinical renal xenotransplantation may become a reality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.