ArticleMucosal immunology2016
Generation and transcriptional programming of intestinal dendritic cells: essential role of retinoic acid.
Article in Mucosal immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Integrated Metagenomic and Untargeted Metabolomic Analyses Characterize Enramycin-Associated Colonic Microbial and Metabolic Changes in Weaned Rabbits.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- The gut microbiota directs vitamin A flux to regulate intestinal T cell development.Cell host & microbe · 2026Article
- Vitamins impacting mental/physical well-being during viral pandemics: a mechanistic review based on COVID-19: a comprehensive review.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Dendritic Cells in the Gastrointestinal System: Division of Labor, Plasticity, and Niche-Specific Adaptation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Retinoic acid regulates donor myeloid-derived suppressor cell and colonic dendrite cell reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Diet Components, Immune Function and IgE-Mediated Food Allergy.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Retinoic Acid Modulates Immune Differentiation in a Human Small Intestinal In Vitro Model.Cells · 2025Article
- Review
- Type 2 conventional dendritic cell functional heterogeneity: ontogenically committed or environmentally plastic?Trends in immunology · 2025Review
- Mechanisms conferring multi-layered protection against intestinal Salmonella Typhimurium infection.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- The renaissance of oral tolerance: merging tradition and new insights.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Article
- Distinct ontogenetic lineages dictate cDC2 heterogeneity.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- Cellular and micro-environmental responses influencing the antitumor activity of all-trans retinoic acid in breast cancer.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Review
- Notch2 with retinoic acid license IL-23 expression by intestinal EpCAM+ DCIR2+ cDC2s in mice.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2024Article
- ALDH1A Inhibition Suppresses Colitis and Alters α4β7 Integrin Expression on Activated T Cells inNutrients · 2023Article
- Retinoic Acid Signaling Is Required for Dendritic Cell Maturation and the Induction of T Cell Immunity.ImmunoHorizons · 2023Article
- A novelDiscovery immunology · 2023Article
- The intestinal microenvironment shapes macrophage and dendritic cell identity and function.Immunology letters · 2023Review
- Identification and characterization of murine glycoprotein 2-expressing intestinal dendritic cells.Scandinavian journal of immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA) regulates adaptive immunity in the intestines, with well-characterized effects on IgA responses, Treg induction, and gut trafficking of T- and B-effector cells. It also controls the generation of conventional dendritic cell (cDC) precursors in the bone marrow and regulates cDC subset representation, but its roles in the specialization of intestinal cDC subsets are understudied. Here we show that RA acts cell intrinsically in developing gut-tropic pre-mucosal dendritic cell (pre-μDC) to effect the differentiation and drive the specialization of intestinal CD103(+)CD11b(-) (cDC1) and of CD103(+)CD11b(+) (cDC2). Systemic deficiency or DC-restricted antagonism of RA signaling resulted in altered phenotypes of intestinal cDC1 and cDC2, and reduced numbers of cDC2. Effects of dietary deficiency were most apparent in the proximal small intestine and were rapidly reversed by reintroducing vitamin A. In cultures of pre-μDC with Flt3L and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), RA induced cDC with characteristic phenotypes of intestinal cDC1 and cDC2 by controlling subset-defining cell surface receptors, regulating subset-specific transcriptional programs, and suppressing proinflammatory nuclear factor-κB-dependent gene expression. Thus, RA is required for transcriptional programming and maturation of intestinal cDC, and with GM-CSF and Flt3L provides a minimal environment for in vitro generation of intestinal cDC1- and cDC2-like cDC from specialized precursors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.