ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2015
Environmental Factors Associated with High Fly Densities and Diarrhea in Vellore, India.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 75 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global epidemiology of diarrhea among internally displaced populations and refugee camp populations an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- The global prevalence of parasites in non-biting flies as vectors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Parasites & vectors · 2023Pooled it
- Fly control to prevent diarrhoea in children.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018Pooled it
- Prevalence and Association ofThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2018Trial
- Seasonal fluctuations in fly density and pathogen carriage in urban villages of Pudong New Area, Shanghai.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Exploring environmental risk factors for diarrhea: Evidence from the Indonesian Health Survey, 2023.Environmental analysis, health and toxicology · 2026Article
- Mechanical Transmission of Protozoan and Helminthic Parasites by Synanthropic Flies in Sana'a, Yemen.Journal of parasitology research · 2026Article
- Global decline of apex scavengers threatens human health.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Evaluating the role of synanthropic filth flies in the transmission of zoonotic parasites: field and laboratory evidence from different animal rearing sites in upper Egypt with focus on Cryptosporidium spp.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Article
- Risk factor analysis ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Clonal and horizontal transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales strains and genes via flies.Gut pathogens · 2024Article
- Terrestrial invertebrate hosts of human pathogens in urban ecosystems.Eco-Environment & Health · 2024Review
- Under five children diarrhea prevalence and associated factors in slum areas of Gondar City Northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Unveiling the hidden dangers: enteropathogens carried by flies in Pudong New Area.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Unraveling diarrheal disease knowledge, understanding, and management practices among climate change vulnerable coastal communities in Ghana.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Urban Onsite Sanitation Upgrades and Synanthropic Flies in Maputo, Mozambique: Effects on Enteric Pathogen Infection Risks.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- Prevalence of Antibiotic-ResistantAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Review
- The Burden of Diarrheal Diseases and Its Associated Factors among Under-Five Children in Welkite Town: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Diarrhea causes significant morbidity and mortality in Indian children under 5 years of age. Flies carry enteric pathogens and may mediate foodborne infections. In this study, we characterized fly densities as a determinant of infectious diarrhea in a longitudinal cohort of 160 urban and 80 rural households with 1,274 individuals (27% under 5 years of age) in Vellore, India. Household questionnaires on living conditions were completed at enrollment. Fly abundance was measured during the wet and dry seasons using fly ribbons placed in kitchens. PCRs for enteric bacteria, viruses, and protozoa were performed on 60 fly samples. Forty-three (72%) fly samples were positive for the following pathogens: norovirus (50%), Salmonella spp. (46.7%), rotavirus (6.7%), and Escherichia coli (6.7%). Ninety-one episodes of diarrhea occurred (89% in children under 5 years of age). Stool pathogens isolated in 24 of 77 (31%) samples included E. coli, Shigella spp., Vibrio spp., Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and rotavirus. Multivariate log-linear models were used to explore the relationships between diarrhea and fly densities, controlling for demographics, hygiene, and human-animal interactions. Fly abundance was 6 times higher in rural than urban sites (P < 0.0001). Disposal of garbage close to homes and rural living were significant risk factors for high fly densities. The presence of latrines was protective against high fly densities and diarrhea. The adjusted relative risks of diarrheal episodes and duration of diarrhea, associated with fly density at the 75th percentile, were 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03 to 1.34) and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.29), respectively. Flies harbored enteric pathogens, including norovirus, a poorly documented pathogen on flies.
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