ArticleApplied and environmental microbiology2015
Evaluation of a New Environmental Sampling Protocol for Detection of Human Norovirus on Inanimate Surfaces.
Article in Applied and environmental microbiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fomite workshop recommendations addressing the role of surfaces in virus transmission in the built environment.mSphere · 2025Review
- Transmission of Viruses from Restroom Use: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment.Food and environmental virology · 2024Article
- Sampling and recovery of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from high-touch surfaces by sponge stick and macrofoam swab.Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene · 2023Article
- Occurrence of Human Viruses on Fomites in the Environment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.ACS environmental Au · 2023Review
- Notes from the Field: Gastrointestinal Illness Among Hikers on the Pacific Crest Trail - Washington, August-October 2022.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2023Article
- Surface area matters: An evaluation of swabs and surface area for environmental surface sampling of healthcare pathogens.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Norovirus attribution study: Detection of norovirus from the commercial food preparation environment in outbreak and non-outbreak premises.Journal of applied microbiology · 2022Article
- Minding the matrix: The importance of inoculum suspensions on finger transfer efficiency of virus.Journal of applied microbiology · 2022Article
- Porous surfaces: stability and recovery of coronaviruses.Interface focus · 2022Review
- COVID-19 pandemic and emerging plastic-based personal protective equipment waste pollution and management in Africa.Journal of environmental chemical engineering · 2021Article
- Food safety lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of food safety · 2021Review
- Impact of COVID-19 on the social, economic, environmental and energy domains: Lessons learnt from a global pandemic.Sustainable production and consumption · 2021Review
- Article
- Recovery of Infectious Human Norovirus GII.4 Sydney From FomitesFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Characterization of Polyurethane Foam Environmental Monitoring Tools for the Recovery and Release of Viruses.Food and environmental virology · 2020Article
- The COVID-19 pandemic: Considerations for the waste and wastewater services sector.Case studies in chemical and environmental engineering · 2020Article
- Self-disinfecting surfaces and infection control.Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 2019Review
- Comparison of Swab Sampling Methods for Norovirus Recovery on Surfaces.Food and environmental virology · 2018Article
- Prevalence of Human Noroviruses in Commercial Food Establishment Bathrooms.Journal of food protection · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inanimate surfaces are regarded as key vehicles for the spread of human norovirus during outbreaks. ISO method 15216 involves the use of cotton swabs for environmental sampling from food surfaces and fomites for the detection of norovirus genogroup I (GI) and GII. We evaluated the effects of the virus drying time (1, 8, 24, or 48 h), swab material (cotton, polyester, rayon, macrofoam, or an antistatic wipe), surface (stainless steel or a toilet seat), and area of the swabbed surface (25.8 cm(2) to 645.0 cm(2)) on the recovery of human norovirus. Macrofoam swabs produced the highest rate of recovery of norovirus from surfaces as large as 645 cm(2). The rates of recovery ranged from 2.2 to 36.0% for virus seeded on stainless-steel coupons (645.0 cm(2)) to 1.2 to 33.6% for toilet seat surfaces (700 cm(2)), with detection limits of 3.5 log10 and 4.0 log10 RNA copies. We used macrofoam swabs to collect environmental samples from several case cabins and common areas of a cruise ship where passengers had reported viral gastroenteritis symptoms. Seventeen (18.5%) of 92 samples tested positive for norovirus GII, and 4 samples could be sequenced and had identical GII.1 sequences. The viral loads of the swab samples from the cabins of the sick passengers ranged from 80 to 31,217 RNA copies, compared with 16 to 113 RNA copies for swab samples from public spaces. In conclusion, our swab protocol for norovirus may be a useful tool for outbreak investigations when no clinical samples are available to confirm the etiology.
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