ArticleFluids and barriers of the CNS2015
Three-dimensional observation of Virchow-Robin spaces in the basal ganglia and white matter and their relevance to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.
Article in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reconsidering the blood-brain barrier: histopathology and microanatomy of cryptococcal CNS infection.Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Prematurity is associated with white matter T2 MRI visible perivascular spaces in very preterm-born neonates.Brain communications · 2025Article
- Drug delivery in leptomeningeal disease: Navigating barriers and beyond.Drug delivery · 2024Review
- Modeling cerebrospinal fluid dynamics across the entire intracranial space through integration of four-dimensional flow and intravoxel incoherent motion magnetic resonance imaging.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2024Article
- Giant Tumefactive Perivascular Space: Advanced Fusion MR Imaging and Tractography Study-A Case Report and a Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Long-term hemodialysis may affect enlarged perivascular spaces in maintenance hemodialysis patients: evidence from a pilot MRI study.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2022Article
- Differences in Signal Intensity and Enhancement on MR Images of the Perivascular Spaces in the Basal Ganglia versus Those in White Matter.Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · 2018Article
- Visualization of the periventricular Virchow-Robin spaces with ependymal openings.Child's nervous system : ChNS : official journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery · 2018Article
- Evaluation of lymphatic vessel dilatations by anterior segment swept-source optical coherence tomography: case report.BMC ophthalmology · 2017Article
- Glymphatic MRI in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2017Article
- Early and delayed assessments of quantitative gait measures to improve the tap test as a predictor of shunt effectiveness in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2016Article
- Aβ Clearance, "hub" of Multiple Deficiencies Leading to Alzheimer Disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2015Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVirchow-Robin spaces (VRS) are brain perivascular spaces containing perforating arteries. Although enlarged VRS are associated with various disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, and head trauma, their functional role remains unclear. Using highly fluid-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, fine morphological features of VRS and their relevance to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) were investigated.
methodsThree-dimensional constructive interference in steady state (3D-CISS) on 3 Tesla MRI was applied to 29 individuals. The morphology and number of VRS in the basal ganglia and white matter were compared between 20 patients with iNPH and nine age-matched controls. The VRS number per hemisphere was classified into three grades: few, moderate, and abundant.
resultsVirchow-Robin spaces in the basal ganglia were curved, irregularly sized and shaped, and communicated with the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space; they contained perforating arteries. VRS in the white matter were straight, smooth, homogeneously sized and shaped, and did not penetrate the cortex. Arteries were not seen in VRS of the white matter. White matter VRS were sparse in patients with iNPH. In contrast, basal ganglia VRS positively correlated with age. Postoperatively after shunt surgery, VRS in the white matter were mildly decreased in diameter, but not in number. No significant changes were noted in basal ganglia VRS.
conclusionsThe present study revealed different morphological features of VRS in the basal ganglia and white matter. VRS in the basal ganglia were seen as genuine perivascular spaces; while neither communication with subarachnoid spaces nor arteries were seen in white matter VRS, even by 3D-CISS sequences and high-resolution magnetic resonance angiography on 3T-MRI. White matter VRS were sparse in patients with iNPH and they were mildly decreased in diameter, but did not change in number after surgery. At present, it remains unclear whether the white matter VRS are dilated interstitial fluid spaces or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, or both. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the functional role of VRS in normal subjects and patients with iNPH.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.