ReviewSaudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society2015
Alternatives to animal testing: A review.
Review in Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 174 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
174 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Triterpenes in breast cancer: a systematic review of preclinical evidence in rodents.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Impact of airborne particulate matter on skin: a systematic review from epidemiology to in vitro studies.Particle and fibre toxicology · 2020Pooled it
- Implementation of an experimental isolated lung perfusion model on surgically resected human lobes.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Alternative Developmental Toxicity Screening Methods Using Chick Embryo-Based Models.Journal of applied toxicology : JAT · 2026Review
- Integrating chemical structure and high-throughput transcriptomics for mechanistically interpretable Tox21 bioactivity prediction.Journal of cheminformatics · 2026Article
- 3D Aerohydrogel Scaffolds for Brain Tissue Engineering andChem & bio engineering · 2026Article
- Advances in the application of computational toxicology in cosmetic safety assessment.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- Integration of epigenetics into ecotoxicology: insights and fundamental research needs.Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · 2026Review
- Human organoids as 3D in vitro platforms for drug discovery: opportunities and challenges.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- AlternativeExpert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- EvaluatingmicroPublication biology · 2026Article
- Methodological development of a pneumatic artificial muscle-driven left ventricular simulator using interpretive structural modeling.PloS one · 2026Article
- Dacarbazine as a Positive Control in Melanoma Cell Lines (A375, SK-MEL-103, 1205Lu) and a Human Ex Vivo Skin Model.Advanced biology · 2026Article
- UROREC: A cystometry and electromyography recording system for analyzing urinary incontinence parameters in rat models.PloS one · 2026Article
- The ethical aspects of human organ-on-chip models: A mapping review.Stem cell reports · 2025Review
- Electrical stimulation of stem cell-derived human neural networks for evaluating anti-seizure medications.Epilepsia · 2025Article
- In Vitro Skin Models as Non-Animal Methods for Dermal Drug Development and Safety Assessment.Pharmaceutics · 2025Review
- Article
- Alternative Models for Anticancer Drug Discovery From Natural Products Using Binary Tumor-Microenvironment-on-a-Chip.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
114 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The number of animals used in research has increased with the advancement of research and development in medical technology. Every year, millions of experimental animals are used all over the world. The pain, distress and death experienced by the animals during scientific experiments have been a debating issue for a long time. Besides the major concern of ethics, there are few more disadvantages of animal experimentation like requirement of skilled manpower, time consuming protocols and high cost. Various alternatives to animal testing were proposed to overcome the drawbacks associated with animal experiments and avoid the unethical procedures. A strategy of 3 Rs (i.e. reduction, refinement and replacement) is being applied for laboratory use of animals. Different methods and alternative organisms are applied to implement this strategy. These methods provide an alternative means for the drug and chemical testing, up to some levels. A brief account of these alternatives and advantages associated is discussed in this review with examples. An integrated application of these approaches would give an insight into minimum use of animals in scientific experiments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.