ReviewMicrobiology spectrum2014
Diversity-generating Retroelements in Phage and Bacterial Genomes.
Review in Microbiology spectrum, 2014. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- Zeta CrAss-like Phages, a Separate Phage Family Using a Variety of Adaptive Mechanisms to Persist in Their Hosts.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Mechanisms used for cDNA synthesis and site-specific integration of RNA into DNA genomes by a reverse transcriptase-Cas1 fusion protein.Science advances · 2024Article
- Genome Analysis of Epsilon CrAss-like Phages.Viruses · 2024Article
- Targeted hypermutation of putative antigen sensors in multicellular bacteria.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- A Novel Thermostable and Processive Reverse Transcriptase from a Group II Intron ofBiomolecules · 2023Article
- Tentaclins-A Novel Family of Phage Receptor-Binding Proteins That Can Be Hypermutated by DGR Systems.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Genomic Analysis of Two Cold-ActiveViruses · 2023Article
- Mechanisms used for cDNA synthesis and site-specific integration of RNA into DNA genomes by a reverse transcriptase-Cas1 fusion protein.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Using Genomics to Decipher the Enigmatic Properties and Survival Adaptation of Candidate Phyla Radiation.Microorganisms · 2023Review
- Bacteriophages of the OrderBiomolecules · 2023Review
- Diversity-Generating Retroelements in Prokaryotic Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The Battle between Bacteria and Bacteriophages: A Conundrum to Their Immune System.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Review
- Mechanisms and clinical importance of bacteriophage resistance.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2022Review
- Selective Isolation ofMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Characterization and genomic analysis of a novel halovirus infectingFrontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Prokaryotic reverse transcriptases: from retroelements to specialized defense systems.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2021Review
- Ecology and molecular targets of hypermutation in the global microbiome.Nature communications · 2021Article
- Determinants of adenine-mutagenesis in diversity-generating retroelements.Nucleic acids research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) are DNA diversification machines found in diverse bacterial and bacteriophage genomes that accelerate the evolution of ligand-receptor interactions. Diversification results from a unidirectional transfer of sequence information from an invariant template repeat (TR) to a variable repeat (VR) located in a protein-encoding gene. Information transfer is coupled to site-specific mutagenesis in a process called mutagenic homing, which occurs through an RNA intermediate and is catalyzed by a unique, DGR-encoded reverse transcriptase that converts adenine residues in the TR into random nucleotides in the VR. In the prototype DGR found in the Bordetella bacteriophage BPP-1, the variable protein Mtd is responsible for phage receptor recognition. VR diversification enables progeny phage to switch tropism, accelerating their adaptation to changes in sequence or availability of host cell-surface molecules for infection. Since their discovery, hundreds of DGRs have been identified, and their functions are just beginning to be understood. VR-encoded residues of many DGR-diversified proteins are displayed in the context of a C-type lectin fold, although other scaffolds, including the immunoglobulin fold, may also be used. DGR homing is postulated to occur through a specialized target DNA-primed reverse transcription mechanism that allows repeated rounds of diversification and selection, and the ability to engineer DGRs to target heterologous genes suggests applications for bioengineering. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of our current understanding of this newly discovered family of beneficial retroelements.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.