ArticleBMC medicine2015
Asymptomatic transmission and the resurgence of Bordetella pertussis.
Article in BMC medicine, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03942406 (Phase 2b Study of BPZE1 Intranasal Pertussis Vaccine in Adults to Assess Immunological Response and Safety Profile of 1-Dose), which is not on this map. Cited by 162 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Phase 2b Study of BPZE1 Intranasal Pertussis Vaccine in Adults to Assess Immunological Response and Safety Profile of 1-Dose (Prime) and 2-Doses (Prime+Boost) Schedule, Compared to a Boostrix™ Prime Dose With or Without a BPZE1 Boost Dose
Who cites it
162 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 267 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pertactin deficiency ofHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Mucosal Immunization Against Pertussis: Lessons From the Past and Perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Controlled Human Infection With Bordetella pertussis Induces Asymptomatic, Immunizing Colonization.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2020Trial
- Live attenuated pertussis vaccine BPZE1 induces a broad antibody response in humans.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2020Trial
- Population-Based Pertussis Incidence and Risk Factors in Infants Less Than 6 Months in Nepal.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2017Trial
- Is Pertussis Infection Neglected in China? Evidence from a Seroepidemiology Survey in Zhejiang, an Eastern Province of China.PloS one · 2016Trial
- Immunological insights into why pertussis continues to be endemic.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Expert consensus on competency enhancement of pertussis prevention, diagnosis, and management for healthcare professionals through medical-preventive integration.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2026Article
- Discovery of CD4+ T cell-recognized B. pertussis antigens that reduce airway colonization.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Post-exposure booster vaccination recalls vaccine-induced memory and accelerates Bordetella pertussis clearance in murine lungs and trachea.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Pre-existing antibodies predict protection while mucosal inflammation correlates with symptomaticmedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- A time-delayed mathematical framework for analyzing pertussis transmission dynamics.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Development of High-Throughput Serum Bactericidal Assays forVaccines · 2026Article
- BPZE1 vaccination induces IL-17NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- A retrospective, single-center analysis of clinical features and mortality risk factors in pediatric pertussis patients with severe pneumonia and encephalopathy complications in Southwest China.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Antibody waning and Bordetella pertussis resurgence after the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Exploring the cause of the pertussis resurgence in England following the COVID-19 pandemic: a mathematical modelling study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Breakthrough infections and incomplete vaccine efficacy drive pathogen immune escape.PloS one · 2026Article
- CD4+ T-cell immunity toDiscover immunity · 2026Review
- Changes in the incidence of notifiable infectious diseases before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Mainland China.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
102 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe recent increase in whooping cough incidence (primarily caused by Bordetella pertussis) presents a challenge to both public health practitioners and scientists trying to understand the mechanisms behind its resurgence. Three main hypotheses have been proposed to explain the resurgence: 1) waning of protective immunity from vaccination or natural infection over time, 2) evolution of B. pertussis to escape protective immunity, and 3) low vaccine coverage. Recent studies have suggested a fourth mechanism: asymptomatic transmission from individuals vaccinated with the currently used acellular B. pertussis vaccines.
methodsUsing wavelet analyses of B. pertussis incidence in the United States (US) and United Kingdom (UK) and a phylodynamic analysis of 36 clinical B. pertussis isolates from the US, we find evidence in support of asymptomatic transmission of B. pertussis. Next, we examine the clinical, public health, and epidemiological consequences of asymptomatic B. pertussis transmission using a mathematical model.
resultsWe find that: 1) the timing of changes in age-specific attack rates observed in the US and UK are consistent with asymptomatic transmission; 2) the phylodynamic analysis of the US sequences indicates more genetic diversity in the overall bacterial population than would be suggested by the observed number of infections, a pattern expected with asymptomatic transmission; 3) asymptomatic infections can bias assessments of vaccine efficacy based on observations of B. pertussis-free weeks; 4) asymptomatic transmission can account for the observed increase in B. pertussis incidence; and 5) vaccinating individuals in close contact with infants too young to receive the vaccine ("cocooning" unvaccinated children) may be ineffective.
conclusionsAlthough a clear role for the previously suggested mechanisms still exists, asymptomatic transmission is the most parsimonious explanation for many of the observations surrounding the resurgence of B. pertussis in the US and UK. These results have important implications for B. pertussis vaccination policy and present a complicated scenario for achieving herd immunity and B. pertussis eradication.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.