ArticleLearning & behavior2015
Individual differences in learning predict the return of fear.
Article in Learning & behavior, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed.
- Serotonin depletion impairs both Pavlovian and instrumental reversal learning in healthy humans.Molecular psychiatry · 2021Trial
- Effect of Tryptophan Depletion on Conditioned Threat Memory Expression: Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty.Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2021Trial
- Computational Modelling Reveals Slower Safety Learning and Threat Extinction are Associated With Higher Anxiety Severity in Remote Fear Conditioning.Computational psychiatry (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Misclassification in memory modification ineLife · 2025Article
- Using computational models of learning to advance cognitive behavioral therapy.Communications psychology · 2025Review
- Conflict Dynamics of Post-Retrieval Extinction: A Comparative Analysis of Unconditional and Conditional Reminders Using Skin Conductance Responses and EEG.Brain topography · 2024Article
- Reward processes in extinction learning and applications to exposure therapy.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2024Review
- Blocked training facilitates learning of multiple schemas.Communications psychology · 2024Article
- Trait anxiety is associated with hidden state inference during aversive reversal learning.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Computational Mechanisms of Addiction and Anxiety: A Developmental Perspective.Biological psychiatry · 2023Review
- Computational perspectives on human fear and anxiety.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Review
- Latent cause inference during extinction learning in trauma-exposed individuals with and without PTSD.Psychological medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- Neural Computations of Threat.Trends in cognitive sciences · 2021Review
- Heterogeneity in Fear Processing across and within Anxiety, Eating, and Compulsive Disorders.Journal of affective disorders · 2020Article
- Individual Differences in Learning Rate and Fear Response Predict Fear Memory and Recovery in Mice and Human Subjects.Neuroscience bulletin · 2020Article
- Hippocampal remapping as hidden state inference.eLife · 2020Article
- Network architectures supporting learnability.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2020Article
- Generalizing to generalize: Humans flexibly switch between compositional and conjunctive structures during reinforcement learning.PLoS computational biology · 2020Article
- Learning task-state representations.Nature neuroscience · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Using a laboratory analogue of learned fear (Pavlovian fear conditioning), we show that there is substantial heterogeneity across individuals in spontaneous recovery of fear following extinction training. We propose that this heterogeneity might stem from qualitative individual differences in the nature of extinction learning. Whereas some individuals tend to form a new memory during extinction, leaving their fear memory intact, others update the original threat association with new safety information, effectively unlearning the fear memory. We formalize this account in a computational model of fear learning and show that individuals who, according to the model, are more likely to form new extinction memories tend to show greater spontaneous recovery compared to individuals who appear to only update a single memory. This qualitative variation in fear and extinction learning may have important implications for understanding vulnerability and resilience to fear-related psychiatric disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
26100524What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.