ArticleThe European journal of neuroscience2015
The retrotrapezoid nucleus stimulates breathing by releasing glutamate in adult conscious mice.
Article in The European journal of neuroscience, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hypothalamic Glutamatergic/Orexinergic Neurons Attenuate Fentanyl-Induced Respiratory Depression via Medullary Pre-BöTzinger Complex Pathways.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Astrocyte activation in the ventrolateral medulla modulates breathing and arousal states.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Respiratory Depression Associated with Opioids: A Narrative Review.Current treatment options in oncology · 2024Review
- Loss-of-function of chemoreceptor neurons in the retrotrapezoid nucleus: What have we learned from it?Respiratory physiology & neurobiology · 2024Article
- Criteria for central respiratory chemoreceptors: experimental evidence supporting current candidate cell groups.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Review
- Targeting drug or gene delivery to the phrenic motoneuron pool.Journal of neurophysiology · 2023Review
- Medullary astrocytes mediate irregular breathing patterns generation in chronic heart failure through purinergic P2X7 receptor signalling.EBioMedicine · 2022Article
- Individual variability in the size and organization of the human arcuate nucleus of the medulla.Brain structure & function · 2022Article
- Central respiratory chemoreception.Handbook of clinical neurology · 2022Review
- Adolescent Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome: An Easily Overlooked Diagnosis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Review
- Chemoreceptor mechanisms regulating COThe Journal of physiology · 2021Review
- Article
- Volatile Anesthetics Activate a Leak Sodium Conductance in Retrotrapezoid Nucleus Neurons to Maintain Breathing during Anesthesia in Mice.Anesthesiology · 2020Article
- Article
- Neurocognitive Disorders in Heart Failure: Novel Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underpinning Memory Loss and Learning Impairment.Molecular neurobiology · 2019Review
- The Retrotrapezoid Nucleus: Central Chemoreceptor and Regulator of Breathing Automaticity.Trends in neurosciences · 2019Review
- Adaptation of Respiratory-Related Brain Regions to Long-Term Hypercapnia: Focus on Neuropeptides in the RTN.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2019Article
- Breathing responses produced by optogenetic stimulation of adrenergic C1 neurons are dependent on the connection with preBötzinger complex in rats.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2018Article
- Interdependent feedback regulation of breathing by the carotid bodies and the retrotrapezoid nucleus.The Journal of physiology · 2018Review
- Advances in cellular and integrative control of oxygen homeostasis within the central nervous system.The Journal of physiology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) is a bilateral cluster of neurons located at the ventral surface of the brainstem below the facial nucleus. The RTN is activated by hypercapnia and stabilises arterial Pco2 by adjusting lung ventilation in a feedback manner. RTN neurons contain vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (Vglut2) transcripts (Slc17a6), and their synaptic boutons are Vglut2-immunoreactive. Here, we used optogenetics to test whether the RTN increases ventilation in conscious adult mice by releasing glutamate. Neurons located below the facial motor nucleus were transduced unilaterally to express channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2)-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein, with lentiviral vectors that employ the Phox2b-activated artificial promoter PRSx8. The targeted population consisted of two types of Phox2b-expressing neuron: non-catecholaminergic neurons (putative RTN chemoreceptors) and catecholaminergic (C1) neurons. Opto-activation of a mix of ChR2-expressing RTN and C1 neurons produced a powerful stimulus frequency-dependent (5-15 Hz) stimulation of breathing in control conscious mice. Respiratory stimulation was comparable in mice in which dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH)-positive neurons no longer expressed Vglut2 (DβH(C) (re/0);;Vglut2(fl/fl)). In a third group of mice, i.e. DβH(+/+);;Vglut2(fl/fl) mice, we injected a mixture of PRSx8-Cre lentiviral vector and Cre-dependent ChR2 adeno-associated virus 2 unilaterally into the RTN; this procedure deleted Vglut2 from ChR2-expressing neurons regardless of whether or not they were catecholaminergic. The ventilatory response elicited by photostimulation of ChR2-positive neurons was almost completely absent in these mice. Resting ventilatory parameters were identical in the three groups of mice, and their brains contained similar numbers of ChR2-positive catecholaminergic and non-catecholaminergic neurons. From these results, we conclude that RTN neurons increase breathing in conscious adult mice by releasing glutamate.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.