ReviewToxins2015
Ancient Venom Systems: A Review on Cnidaria Toxins.
Review in Toxins, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Investigation of Best Practices for Venom Toxin Purification in Jellyfish towards Functional Characterisation.Toxins · 2023Pooled it
- The Portuguese man-of-war genome reveals the genetic basis of medusa loss and sea-air interface adaptation.National science review · 2026Article
- Stable yet shifting: Early toxin dynamics in typical and atypical clownfish-anemone symbioses.Toxicon: X · 2026Article
- Diversity and Bioprospection of Functional Proteins from Sea AnemoneMarine drugs · 2026Article
- Behavioral and Exumbrellar Integumental Defenses in Jellyfish: The Hydromedusan Spirocodon saltatrix Releases Oxidized Derivatives of Unsaturated Fatty Acids Potentially to Avoid Predation and Bacterial Biofouling.Journal of chemical ecology · 2026Article
- Envenomations, stings, and traumas caused by marine invertebrates: from scientific facts to a forensic vision towards sustainable health and conservation strategies: a review.Archives of toxicology · 2026Review
- The Venom Revolution in Biomedicine: Unlocking Nature's Toxin Toolkit for Therapeutic Innovation.Toxicology reports · 2026Review
- A novel, non-invasive cnidarian venom extraction device.Toxicon: X · 2026Article
- Crude Venom from Sea AnemoneMarine drugs · 2026Article
- Emergency Department Presentations for Jellyfish Stings in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Pain Severity and Treatment Timing.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Obtainment of Two Monomorphic Nematocysts fromMarine drugs · 2025Article
- Identification and characterization of toxic components of Carybdea brevipedalia venom: implications for understanding box jellyfish (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) envenomation.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Article
- Evidence-Based Management of Box Jellyfish Stings.Military medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- A Sting Beyond the Skin: Jellyfish Envenomation Presenting With Paralytic Ileus and Acute Urinary Retention.Cureus · 2025Article
- The proteotranscriptomic characterization of venom in the white seafanOpen biology · 2025Article
- Proteomic Diversity of the Sea AnemoneMarine drugs · 2025Article
- Aquatic Invertebrate Antimicrobial Peptides in the Fight Against Aquaculture Pathogens.Microorganisms · 2025Review
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cnidarians are the oldest extant lineage of venomous animals. Despite their simple anatomy, they are capable of subduing or repelling prey and predator species that are far more complex and recently evolved. Utilizing specialized penetrating nematocysts, cnidarians inject the nematocyst content or "venom" that initiates toxic and immunological reactions in the envenomated organism. These venoms contain enzymes, potent pore forming toxins, and neurotoxins. Enzymes include lipolytic and proteolytic proteins that catabolize prey tissues. Cnidarian pore forming toxins self-assemble to form robust membrane pores that can cause cell death via osmotic lysis. Neurotoxins exhibit rapid ion channel specific activities. In addition, certain cnidarian venoms contain or induce the release of host vasodilatory biogenic amines such as serotonin, histamine, bunodosine and caissarone accelerating the pathogenic effects of other venom enzymes and porins. The cnidarian attacking/defending mechanism is fast and efficient, and massive envenomation of humans may result in death, in some cases within a few minutes to an hour after sting. The complexity of venom components represents a unique therapeutic challenge and probably reflects the ancient evolutionary history of the cnidarian venom system. Thus, they are invaluable as a therapeutic target for sting treatment or as lead compounds for drug design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.