ArticleThe Lancet. Global health2015
Use of injectable hormonal contraception and women's risk of herpes simplex virus type 2 acquisition: a prospective study of couples in Rakai, Uganda.
Article in The Lancet. Global health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00425984 (Randomized Trial of Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention, Rakai, Uganda), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Randomized Trial of Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention, Rakai, Uganda
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hormonal contraceptive use and the risk of sexually transmitted infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- An updated systematic review of epidemiological evidence on hormonal contraceptive methods and HIV acquisition in women.AIDS (London, England) · 2016Pooled it
- Incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection Among African Women Using Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, a Copper Intrauterine Device, or a Levonorgestrel Implant for Contraception: A Nested Randomized Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Trial
- Analysis of HSV1/2 Infection Reveals an Association between HSV-2 Reactivation and Pregnancy.Viruses · 2024Article
- NET-EN treatment leads to delayed HSV-2 infection, enhanced mucin and T cell functions in the female genital tract when compared to DMPA in a preclinical mouse model.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate inhibits wound closure of human endometrial epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts in vitro.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Prevalence of viral sexually transmitted infections and HPV high-risk genotypes in women in rural communities in the Department of La Paz, Bolivia.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- The Effect of Hormonal Contraception and Menstrual Cycle Timing on Genital Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Shedding and Lesions.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2019Article
- Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Decreases Th1, Th17, and Increases Th22 Responses via AHR Signaling Which Could Affect Susceptibility to Infections and Inflammatory Disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Article
- Hormonal Contraception and HIV-1 Acquisition: Biological Mechanisms.Endocrine reviews · 2018Review
- Contraceptive use and the risk of sexually transmitted infection: systematic review and current perspectives.Open access journal of contraception · 2018Review
- Effects of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate on the immune microenvironment of the human cervix and endometrium: implications for HIV susceptibility.Mucosal immunology · 2017Article
- Rationale and design of a multi-center, open-label, randomised clinical trial comparing HIV incidence and contraceptive benefits in women using three commonly-used contraceptive methods (the ECHO study).Gates open research · 2017Article
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate and levonorgestrel increase genital mucosal permeability and enhance susceptibility to genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.Mucosal immunology · 2016Article
- A Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Dose That Models Human Use and Its Effect on Vaginal SHIV Acquisition Risk.Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) · 2016Article
- Factors Driving the HIV Epidemic in Southern Africa.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2016Review
- Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seroprevalence and Ultrasound-Diagnosed Uterine Fibroids in a Large Population of Young African-American Women.American journal of epidemiology · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe injectable hormonal contraceptive depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) has been associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition, but findings are inconsistent. Whether DMPA increases the risk of other sexually transmitted viral infections is unknown. We assessed the association between DMPA use and incident herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2) infection in women.
methodsIn this prospective study, we enrolled HIV-negative and HSV2-negative women aged 15-49 years whose HIV-negative male partners were concurrently enrolled in a randomised trial of male circumcision in Rakai, Uganda. We excluded women if either they or their male partners HIV seroconverted. The primary outcome was HSV2 seroconversion, assessed annually. The male circumcision trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00425984.
findingsBetween Aug 11, 2003, and July 6, 2006, we enrolled 682 women in this study. We noted HSV2 seroconversions in 70 (10%) women. Incidence was 13·5 per 100 person-years in women consistently using DMPA (nine incident infections per 66·5 person-years), 4·3 per 100 person-years in pregnant women who were not using hormonal contraception (18 incident infections per 423·5 person-years), and 6·6 per 100 person-years in women who were neither pregnant nor using hormonal contraception (35 incident infections per 529·5 person-years). Women consistently using DMPA had an adjusted hazard ratio for HSV2 seroconversion of 2·26 (95% CI 1·09-4·69; p=0·029) compared with women who were neither pregnant nor using hormonal contraception. Of 132 women with HSV2-seropositive partners, seroconversion was 36·4 per 100 person-years in consistent DMPA users (four incident infections per 11 person-years) and 10·7 per 100 person-years in women who were neither pregnant nor using hormonal contraception (11 incident infections per 103 person-years; adjusted hazard ratio 6·23, 95% CI 1·49-26·3; p=0·012).
interpretationConsistent DMPA use might increase risk of HSV2 seroconversion; however, study power was low. These findings should be assessed in larger populations with more frequent follow-up than in this study, and other contraceptive methods should also be assessed. Access to a wide range of highly effective contraceptive methods is needed for women, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
fundingBill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, US National Institutes of Health, and Fogarty International Center.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.