ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2015
Mx1 and Mx2 key antiviral proteins are surprisingly lost in toothed whales.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
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Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
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- On the exceedingly long median life span of whales: a model for a better understanding of human longevity?Veterinary research communications · 2025Article
- Antiviral Mx proteins have an ancient origin and widespread distribution among eukaryotes.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
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- Antiviral Mx proteins have an ancient origin and widespread distribution among eukaryotes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- The correlation between corona virus disease 2019 and alopecia areata: a literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus.Virologica Sinica · 2023Review
- Immunomodulatory Role of Interferons in Viral and Bacterial Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Effects ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Tattoo Skin Disease in Cetacea: A Review, with New Cases for the Northeast Pacific.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Review
- The Analyses of Cetacean Virus-Responsive Genes Reveal Evolutionary Marks in Mucosal Immunity-Associated Genes.Biochemical genetics · 2022Article
- Phenotypic and Transcriptional Changes of Pulmonary Immune Responses in Dogs Following Canine Distemper Virus Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
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- Retroviral Restriction Factors and Their Viral Targets: Restriction Strategies and Evolutionary Adaptations.Microorganisms · 2020Review
- A fully-automated method discovers loss of mouse-lethal and human-monogenic disease genes in 58 mammals.Nucleic acids research · 2020Article
- Broad host range of SARS-CoV-2 predicted by comparative and structural analysis of ACE2 in vertebrates.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2020Article
- Broad Host Range of SARS-CoV-2 Predicted by Comparative and Structural Analysis of ACE2 in Vertebrates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Viral outbreaks in dolphins and other Delphinoidea family members warrant investigation into the integrity of the cetacean immune system. The dynamin-like GTPase genes Myxovirus 1 (Mx1) and Mx2 defend mammals against a broad range of viral infections. Loss of Mx1 function in human and mice enhances infectivity by multiple RNA and DNA viruses, including orthomyxoviruses (influenza A), paramyxoviruses (measles), and hepadnaviruses (hepatitis B), whereas loss of Mx2 function leads to decreased resistance to HIV-1 and other viruses. Here we show that both Mx1 and Mx2 have been rendered nonfunctional in Odontoceti cetaceans (toothed whales, including dolphins and orcas). We discovered multiple exon deletions, frameshift mutations, premature stop codons, and transcriptional evidence of decay in the coding sequence of both Mx1 and Mx2 in four species of Odontocetes. We trace the likely loss event for both proteins to soon after the divergence of Odontocetes and Mystocetes (baleen whales) ∼33-37 Mya. Our data raise intriguing questions as to what drove the loss of both Mx1 and Mx2 genes in the Odontoceti lineage, a double loss seen in none of 56 other mammalian genomes, and suggests a hitherto unappreciated fundamental genetic difference in the way these magnificent mammals respond to viral infections.
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