ArticleJournal of applied microbiology2015
Bacillus anthracis spores germinate extracellularly at air-liquid interface in an in vitro lung model under serum-free conditions.
Article in Journal of applied microbiology, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intrinsic OASL expression governs heterogeneity in interferon induction during influenza A virus infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Disruption of Spore Coat Integrity inCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2025Article
- Toxin and capsule production by Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis influence pathogenicity in macrophages and animal models.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Early Circulating Edema Factor in Inhalational Anthrax Infection: Does It Matter?Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Invited review: human air-liquid-interface organotypic airway tissue models derived from primary tracheobronchial epithelial cells-overview and perspectives.In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal · 2021Review
- A Stochastic Intracellular Model of Anthrax Infection With Spore Germination Heterogeneity.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Impact of Bacterial Toxins in the Lungs.Toxins · 2020Review
- Article
- Gene expression profiling of primary human type I alveolar epithelial cells exposed to Bacillus anthracis spores reveals induction of neutrophil and monocyte chemokines.Microbial pathogenesis · 2018Article
- Evolutionary conservation of the antimicrobial function of mucus: a first defence against infection.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2018Review
- Bacillus anthracis spore movement does not require a carrier cell and is not affected by lethal toxin in human lung models.Microbes and infection · 2016Article
- Modeling gastrointestinal anthrax disease.Research in microbiologyArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsTo better understand the parameters that govern spore dissemination after lung exposure using in vitro cell systems. METHODS AND
resultsWe evaluated the kinetics of uptake, germination and proliferation of Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores in association with human primary lung epithelial cells, Calu-3 and A549 cell lines. We also analysed the influence of various cell culture medium formulations related to spore germination.
conclusionsWe found negligible spore uptake by epithelial cells, but germination and proliferation of spores in the serum-free extracellular environment was evident. Spore germination was appreciably higher in immortalized cell cultures than in primary epithelial cells. Additionally, spores still germinated apically at a mucus-secreting air-liquid interface lung barrier that was devoid of cell culture medium much earlier than medium-only controls. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The role of lung epithelial cells in B. anthracis spore dissemination after inhalation remains poorly defined and rather controversial. These results are novel as they show spore germination is appreciably enhanced in the presence of lung cells in vitro, however, the cell line and cell state (air-liquid interface vs submerged in medium) dictates the extent of germination and in some cases proliferation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.