ArticleBiomaterials2015
Ex vivo engineered immune organoids for controlled germinal center reactions.
Article in Biomaterials, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 131 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cell and tissue engineering in lymph nodes for cancer immunotherapy.Advanced drug delivery reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Lymphoid-Tissue-on-Chip Recapitulates Human Antibody Responses In Vitro.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Human Organoids as a Novel Tool for Vaccine Study.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Enhanced Human Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses Using In Vitro 3D Tonsil Cultures Containing Stromal Cells.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- A Human Lymph node-on-a-Chip for Personalized Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity.Research square · 2026Article
- Microphysiological Systems of Lymphatics and Immune Organs.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Advances in Human and Animal Germinal Center Models In Vitro: New Approaches to Studying Immune Responses.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- Dynamic hydrogel mechanics in organoid engineering: From matrix design to translational paradigms.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Recent advances in applications of nanoparticles and decellularized ECM for organoid engineering.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Immune and Immune-Integrated Organoids as NextGeneration Platforms for Disease Modeling.MedComm · 2025Review
- Goodbye flat lymphoma biology.FEBS letters · 2025Review
- Immune Organoids: A Review of Their Applications in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease Immunotherapy.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Boosting human immunology: harnessing the potential of immune organoids.EMBO molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Engineering human immune organoids for translational immunology.Bioactive materials · 2025Review
- Deciphering the Human Germinal Center: A Review of Models to Study T-B Cell Interactions.European journal of immunology · 2025Review
- Human immune organoids to decode B cell response in healthy donors and patients with lymphoma.Nature materials · 2025Article
- Immune organoids: emerging platforms for modeling and analyzing human adaptive immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Citrullinated Autoantigen-Specific T and B Lymphocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focus on Follicular T Helper Cells and Expansion by Coculture.ACR open rheumatology · 2025Article
- An overview of immunotoxicity in drug discovery and development.Toxicology letters · 2025Review
- Durable lymph-node expansion is associated with the efficacy of therapeutic vaccination.Nature biomedical engineering · 2024Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Ex vivo engineered three-dimensional organotypic cultures have enabled the real-time study and control of biological functioning of mammalian tissues. Organs of broad interest where its architectural, cellular, and molecular complexity has prevented progress in ex vivo engineering are the secondary immune organs. Ex vivo immune organs can enable mechanistic understanding of the immune system and more importantly, accelerate the translation of immunotherapies as well as a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that lead to their malignant transformation into a variety of B and T cell malignancies. However, till date, no modular ex vivo immune organ has been developed with an ability to control the rate of immune reaction through tunable design parameter. Here we describe a B cell follicle organoid made of nanocomposite biomaterials, which recapitulates the anatomical microenvironment of a lymphoid tissue that provides the basis to induce an accelerated germinal center (GC) reaction by continuously providing extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-cell signals to naïve B cells. Compared to existing co-cultures, immune organoids provide a control over primary B cell proliferation with ∼100-fold higher and rapid differentiation to the GC phenotype with robust antibody class switching.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.