ArticleArchives of sexual behavior2016
Gender Nonconformity, Discrimination, and Mental Health Among Black South African Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Further Exploration of Unexpected Findings.
Article in Archives of sexual behavior, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 74 citations in OpenAlex.
- The health consequences of stigma and discrimination: a systematic review and meta-analysis of their impact on Black non-binary individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa.Frontiers in sociology · 2025Pooled it
- Gender Nonconformity and Minority Stress Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals: A Meta-Analytic Review.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2021Pooled it
- Sexual orientation concealment and mental health: A conceptual and meta-analytic review.Psychological bulletin · 2020Pooled it
- Childhood Gender Nonconformity and Suicidal Behavior in Chinese Gay and Bisexual Men: The Roles of Childhood Abuse and Social Inhibition.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- The Bright Side of Gender Nonconformity Among Chinese Cisgender LGQ Individuals: Life Satisfaction, Positive Sexual Identity, and Interpersonal Resources.International journal of sexual health : official journal of the World Association for Sexual Health · 2026Article
- Assessment of Heterosexual-Identified Men Who Have Sex With Men and Men of Diverse Sexual Identities: Protocol for an International, Multilingual, Online, Comparative Sexuality Study.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- HIV and gender identity expression among transfeminine people in the Western Cape, South Africa - a thematic analysis of data from the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Correlates of viral suppression among sexual minority men and transgender women living with HIV in Mpumalanga, South Africa.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Information, Motivation and Behavioral Skills as Mediators Between Sexual Minority Stigma and Condomless anal Sex Among Black South African Men Who have Sex with Men.AIDS and behavior · 2023Article
- "You'll Be Chased Away": Sources, Experiences, and Effects of Violence and Stigma among Gay and Bisexual Men in Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Protective Factors, Risk of Violence and Discrimination and Mental Health Indicators of Young LGB People.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Sexual Behavior Transition and Acute and Early HIV Infection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men: Evidence from an Open Cohort in China, 2011-2019.Archives of sexual behavior · 2022Article
- Integrating HIV and mental health interventions to address a global syndemic among men who have sex with men.The lancet. HIV · 2022Review
- It's a Man's World: A Qualitative Study of Gender and Sexuality amongst Australian Gay Men.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- "When you talk it out … you will feel like the burden has somehow gone down, you will feel light": Social Support Received by Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men in Western Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- How do we measure gender discrimination? Proposing a construct of gender discrimination through a systematic scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2022Article
- HIV risk perception and sexual behavior among HIV-uninfected men and transgender women who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa: Findings from the HPTN 075 qualitative sub-study.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Out of the Closet, Not Yet Out of the House: Gay Men's Experiences of Homonegativity and Internalized Homonegativity.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- "God Didn't Make a Mistake in Creating Me": Intrapersonal Resilience Processes among Gay and Bisexual Male Youth in Kenya.Adolescents (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Mental Health Challenges and Needs among Sexual and Gender Minority People in Western Kenya.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Using data from a study about HIV risk among Black South African MSM, we aimed to ascertain whether unexpected findings about the relationship between gender nonconformity, discrimination, and mental health in this population, as reported by Cook, Sandfort, Nel, and Rich (2013), could be replicated, and to explore more in-depth how gender nonconformity relates to health. Cook et al. found that feminine men were not more likely to be depressed despite the observation that they were more likely to be discriminated against and that discrimination increased the likelihood of depression. This is in contrast to what studies among gay and bisexual men in Western countries have consistently shown. In the current study, 196 Black South African MSM (ages between 18 and 40; M age, 26.65 years) were surveyed. Assessments included stressors (identity confusion, internalized homophobia, and sexual orientation-based discrimination) and resilience factors (openness about one's sexual orientation, social support, and identification with the gay community). We observed that gender-nonconforming men were not more likely to be depressed despite having experienced more discrimination, which was associated with depression. The same relationships were observed when considering anxiety as the mental health outcome. We found an indirect negative effect of gender nonconformity on depression through internalized homophobia, suggesting that, in this population, internalized homophobia masks the effect of discrimination on mental distress. Implications for the sexual minority stress model, used to guide our analyses, are discussed. Further research is needed to disentangle the complex relationship between gender nonconformity and mental health among MSM populations.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.