ArticleAmerican journal of public health2015
Joint Effects of Structural Racism and Income Inequality on Small-for-Gestational-Age Birth.
Article in American journal of public health, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 148 citations in OpenAlex.
- Public Health's Approach to Systemic Racism: a Systematic Literature Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2019Pooled it
- Racial Discrimination and Adverse Birth Outcomes: An Integrative Review.Journal of midwifery & women's health · 2016Pooled it
- Naming Institutionalized Racism in the Public Health Literature: A Systematic Literature Review.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Pooled it
- Trial
- Abortion Policy as Structural Sexism: An Analysis of Shame-Inducing Counseling Laws and Birth Outcomes.Journal of health and social behavior · 2026Article
- Community-Led Solutions to Address Black Maternal and Infant Mortality Through the TNT-PISP Model: A Qualitative Study.Maternal and child health journal · 2026Article
- Developing an Intergenerational Model of Structural Racism Exposure among Women in Black Families in South Carolina, 1989-2020.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Applying mixtures methodology to analyze how exposure to structural racism and economic disadvantage affect perinatal health outcomes: an ECHO study.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Maternal epigenetic signatures are associated with small for gestational age births among black women.Epigenetics insights · 2026Article
- Clinical risk factors and adverse perinatal outcomes among U.S. and African-born Black women in California.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
- Measures of Structural Racism and Black-White Disparity in Stillbirth Rates in New York City, 2009-2018: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2025Article
- A Standard Measure of Structural Racism, Do We Have One? Can We Have One? A Narrative Review of Commonly Used Measures and Domains of Use.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- State-Level Prevalence of Maternity Care Deserts: Association With Healthcare Access, Utilization, and Outcomes Among Medicaid Recipients.AJPM focus · 2025Article
- The Mediating Role of Social and Environmental Determinants of Health in the Association Between Race and Preterm Birth Risk.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2025Article
- Assessing Structural Racism Measures on Health Outcomes of Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders: A Scoping Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Structural Racism-Related State Laws and Healthcare Access Among Black, Latine, and White U.S. Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Fetal Biometric Parameters in USG for Early Detection of Fetal Growth Restriction.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2025Article
- Ecological Impacts of Structural Racism on Health Disparity Through Its Determinants and Mediating Factors: A Case Study on Low Birthweight in Three Race/Ethnicity Groups in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- State-level structural racism and adolescent mental health in the United States.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Associations Between Measures of Structural Racism and Receipt of Acute Ischemic Stroke Interventions in the United States.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesWe examined potential synergistic effects of racial and socioeconomic inequality associated with small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth.
methodsElectronic medical records from singleton births to White and Black women in 10 US states and the District of Columbia (n = 121 758) were linked to state-level indicators of structural racism, including the ratios of Blacks to Whites who were employed, were incarcerated, and had a bachelor's or higher degree. We used state-level Gini coefficients to assess income inequality. Generalized estimating equations models were used to quantify the adjusted odds of SGA birth associated with each indicator and the joint effects of structural racism and income inequality.
resultsStructural racism indicators were associated with higher odds of SGA birth, and similar effects were observed for both races. The joint effects of racial and income inequality were significantly associated with SGA birth only when levels of both were high; in areas with high inequality levels, adjusted odds ratios ranged from 1.81 to 2.11 for the 3 structural racism indicators.
conclusionsHigh levels of racial inequality and socioeconomic inequality appear to increase the risk of SGA birth, particularly when they co-occur.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.